No. 40. JULY, 1922. VOL. XII.

FIAT LUX.

NOTICES.

The next number of The Pharos will appear about 18th December. Contributions must be submitted to the Editor not later than 20th November.

We acknowledge with thanks Ruym (Ramsgate County School), The Erithian, The Limit (Lough borough College) and Dover County School for Girls' Magazine.

Copies of the current issue of The Pharos or of back numbers which are in stock may be obtained from the Editor, price 9d.

The Editor would be glad to have the names and addresses of Old Pharosians and others who would like to receive copies.

The Pharos is now issued free to all members of the Old Boys' Association.

HEAD MASTER'S NOTES.

Autumn Term.—The Autumn Term will commence on 14th September and end on 20th December. Holders of season tickets are asked to have their tickets made out to cover these dates.

Playing Fields.—We are all glad to know that when Autumn Term commences in September next, the School Playing Fields will be quite ready for us. Three pitches (two full size) are to be available. The anticipated water difficulty will not arise, and probably it may be necessary to insist more strongly upon all boys taking part in School games, unless a special reason for inability to do so is produced. Many valuable lessons can be learned only on the Playing Fields, and maybe we shall now develop the true spirit underlying corporate life.

Parents' Association.—As we draw to the end of the first year's work of this most helpful Association, the School wishes to express its sincere thanks for all that has been done, for the excellent spirit of partnership displayed, and for the ready assistance rendered at all School Functions. The latest gifts from the Parents and the Old Boys—30 folding tables, and 150 cups, saucers and plates with School monogram and crest—have crowned a year of generous endeavour, and completed the equipment of the School for Social Functions.

The next great School Festival is "Commemoration Day"—16th October, when there will be the usual "At Home" to all parents, and a general meeting to renew membership and to enrol new members. The date seems a long way ahead of us, but all parents are asked to reserve the date, and to resolve to be members.

Christmas Party.—A proposal has reached me to hold the School Christmas Party in the Town Hall, as in pre-war days. There is much enthusiasm among the parents, and "great expectations" in the boys. The suggested preliminary plans are full of promise, but the exact date is difficult to decide. Shall it take place before the Christmas breaking-up, i.e. before 20th December, or just before the opening of the Spring Term, i.e., on or about 11th January? And who shall be invited?

Oxford News.—Reference is made here to Chas. E. Baldwin taking his Degree at Oxford, because he is the first Dover County School Boy to do so. He has passed his Science School (Chemistry) with "distinction." We have two other excellent candidates awaiting the examination results in the Honours "English" School, but Baldwin must rank as first home—the first of our number to graduate at that ancient seat of learning. He came to us from St. Mary's, who will also be glad of his success.

Chas. W. Pelham (New College) has passed his "Moderations," Aubrey Twyman hopes to join him as a "Fresher" in October next, and three others have set their faces in that direction for the year following. "Follw up!"

Sixth Form.—Rather larger numbers are this year staying on at School after passing their "First" or School-leaving Examination, and it is good to anticipate a strong VIth in Arts or Science.

There will also be entrants in larger numbers for the Joint Board Examination in December. This is particularly gratifying. It is the "top" of such Schools as ours which needs development, and though it is not easy to induce boys to remain at School for advanced work, nor to impress upon parents the advantages of their so doing, yet it would appear that "advanced work" is now increasingly appreciated by boys and parents in the district.

New Entrants.—It is very gratifying to know that the School is likely to maintain its numbers in spite of the increased School fees. Dover at the moment is not so commercially flourishing as during the war period. Nevertheless Dover parents are realizing what the County Secondary School stands for, how important it is to enter boys not later than at the age of 10 or 11 years, and how vital it is for a boy's future for him to stay on at School until he gets a School-leaving Certificate at the age of 16 or thereabouts. What are known as "late entrants," i.e., candidates for admission from Elementary Schools, of greater age than 13½—are fewer than in any previous term, and the undertaking signed by parents, which provides that no boy may be withdrawn before the age of 16 without special permission, is impressing upon all concerned the great importance of a six years' unbroken School course. This policy is being steadily and successfully supported both by the Board of Education and by teachers in all grades of Schools.

EDITORIAL.

The preparation of the Summer Term issue of The Pharos generally presents difficulties, owing probably to the counterattractions of the playing fields and other outdoor activities. The number of contributions sent in for this number was well up to the usual standard but the quality was not quite so good as in some recent terms. We hope and believe the deterioration is not permanent.

We arc indebted to Mr. J. Bavington Jones, Hon. Librarian to Dover Corporation and the author of several books on the town and its records, for the loan of the block from which our illustration of Dover Harbour in the 16th Century is reproduced. We regret to learn, at the time of going to press, that Mr. Jones is seriously ill.

The writer of the article on Dover Harbour, which is compiled from a paper read by the author at a meeting of the School Literary Society, has set a good example of patient and thorough research into local history and geography which may encourage others to work on the same or similar lines. The pages of the Magazine will always be open for interesting matter of this nature.

GLEAMS AND FLASHES.

Congratulations to Quinlan and Scarlett on being awarded Kitchener Scholarships; also to K. Donald, Standring and Cooke on gaining K.E.C. Junior Exhibitions. Donald did especially well in his examination, being top of the list for the county.

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By the kind invitation of the Head Master of Dover College, our senior boys were able to see, at the King's Hall, a film reproduction of the "Oresteia" of Aeschylus. The film, with the explanations which preceded the visit, could not fail to add, in an interesting way to their knowledge of the Greek Drama.

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Several parties went to Folkestone recently to see performances of Shakespeare's plays—another very useful addition to the routine of School work.

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The small sketch serving as an end-piece to this issue is reproduced from a piece of work done in the ordinary course of an Art lesson at School.

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Articles suitable for publication have been received from Standring, J. Sharp, H. Gray, S. Newing, Luck, Beer, Kirton, Dunn and Terdrey, but these have been held over from lack of space.

PARENTS' ASSOCIATION.

The whist drive held on the 22nd March was a most enjoyable, affair, as was also the whist drive and dance held on Empire Day, 24th May. The attendance at the latter was not large, it being a very warm evening, but the Social Functions Sub-Committee are assured that such an event should be included in next winter's social programme. The School Athletic Sports on 7th June, for which the Association provided the silver medals, were a great success, each event being creditably contested, and although the modesty of the winners was specially noticeable, the spirit of Joseph Hocking's belief, "The Great Thing in life is not to win the game but to play a bad hand well," was clearly, discernible in the also-rans.

On account of the inclement weather, the open-air whist drive on 5th July was held in the School, Frith Road. There were about 150 present, and a very enjoyable evening was spent. The prizes, which were presented to the winners by the Mayoress were given by the Social Functions Sub-Committee. Mrs. Landrey organized a ham weight-guessing competition, Mrs. Howgego a draw for a box of chocolates, and Mrs. Guy a draw for a basket of fruit, their successful efforts being gratefully acknowledged.

There will be a cricket match on the last day of the School year, between Boys Past and Present, and it is hoped that, weather permitting, there will be a good attendance of parents.

The Ladies' Committee wish to express their thanks to all those who, by gifts of money and kind, made such a generous response to the appeal for the Whist Drive Refreshment Fund. An individual letter of thanks has been sent to each donor, but, if any have been accidentally omitted, will they please forgive the error and accept the thanks here expressed.

G.R.R.

OLD BOYS' ASSOCIATION.

The last few months have been rather uneventful so far as Association affairs are concerned.

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The General Meeting was held on the 20th of April at the School. In spite of the fact that notice of the meeting was sent to as many old boys as possible, the attendance was not large, and would seem to indicate a lack of interest in the affairs of the Association.

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There has been no increase in membership during the past year, and I understand from the Treasurer that the number of subscriptions received at present is very small. It is regrettable, but nevertheless true, that unless an increase in membership is made, the Association will fall into the state of decline from which it was rescued in 1919.

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I would point out to Old Boys that any success they may have attained since leaving School is due in no small measure to the training they received while there, and I would ask them to show their appreciation by supporting the Association as much as possible. The subscription, which is now due, is not excessive, being merely 5s. per annum. The Pharos is sent each term to all members, so that, obviously, the amount left to further the objects of the Association is by no means large, so bestir yourselves, Old Boys, and forward your subscriptions to the Treasurer, Mr. R. A. Cook, 1, Hortus Villas, Barton Road, who, I have no doubt, will be pleased to receive them.

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The following officers and committee were elected at the General Meeting:—President, Mr. F. Whitehouse; Secretary, Mr. V. C. Spain; Assistant Secretary, Mr. H. Lawes; Treasurer, Mr. R. A. Cook; Assistant Treasurer, Mr. Brown; Committee, Messrs. Thomas, Darby, Watt, Russell, Bond, S. Clout, Wood, Bourner and Pudney.

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The Reunion has been provisionally fixed for the 27th of December at the Town Hall.

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The Past v. Present Cricket Match and the Annual Dinner are to take place on Wednesday, 26th July, time and place to be notified later.

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It has been proposed that an Annual Dinner should be held in London, the first to be on Monday, the 6th of November. Will any Old Boys who would like to attend please notify the Secretary, Mr. V. C. Spain, "White Horse" Inn, Dover.

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There will be a half-clay motor char-a-banc outing on Saturday, 12th of August; full particulars will shortly be obtainable from the Secretary or Committee.

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I should like to take this opportunity of expressing the gratitude of the Association to Mr. Watt, for his efforts on behalf of the Dramatic Club, and to the Parents' Association for their offer of co-operation in social events.

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We hear that Lieut. A. H. Sergeant, 1/2nd Rajput Light Infantry, has been decorated with the M.B.E. (Military Division) for valuable war services with the British Army of the Black Sea.

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A. E. Hampson is in Johannesberg, and his brother, W. P. Hampson, writing from Glasgow on 14th June, was then about to leave for Nigeria.

V.C.S.

MARRIAGES.

DOUBLEDAY-MIDDLETON.—On Saturday, 10th June, at Harwich Wesleyan Church, by the Rev. Joseph Cooper, Albert Victor Doubleday, of St. Margarets-at-Cliffe, to Margaret Annie Middleton, of Dovercourt, Essex.

GRAVES-HEDGECOCK.—On 24th June, at Buckland Wesleyan Church, Dover, by the Rev. J. C. Whiting, Albert Edward Graves to Winifred Elizabeth Hedgecock, both of Dover.

O'FLAHERTY-NEWMAN.—On 27th June, at Feckenham Parish Church, near Redditch, by the Rev. W. Davis Winstone, Harry Stephen Fergus O'Flaherty, of Dover, to Edith Marion Newman, of Feckenham.

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The Head Master has also received the following:—

Madame et Monsieur Léon DENIAU ont l'honneur de vous faire part du mariage de leur fille, Marguerite-Lillian, avec Monsieur Howard MORFORD, de la Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China.

Et vous prient de vouloir bien assister à la Bénédiction nuptiale qui leur sera donnée en l'Eglise Protestante du Boulevard Norodom, le 20 Avril, à 18 heures.

Saigon,

29, Rue de Massiges.

OLD BOYS' CRICKET CLUB.

At a General Meeting the following officers were elected for the present season:

Captain: H. A. L. Lawes.

Vice-Captain: Mr. J. Slater.

Hon. Secretary: C. Wilson, 7, St. Alphcge Road.

Eight pitches at Crabble having been granted, a full programme has been arranged, and up to the present the Old Boys have met with very fair success, the greatest handicap being the lack of a practice pitch.

The following are the results up to date:—

May 6—D.C.S.O.B., 33 for 9; Folkestone C.C., 141 for 5 (declared). Draw. Home.

May 20—D.C.S.O.B., 133; R.G.A., 56. Won. Away.

May 27—D.C.S.O.B., 80; Royal Marines N.C.O.'s, 39. Won. Away.
June 10—D.C.S.O.B., 162 for 4 (declared); Duke of York's RM. School, 30, and 25 for 5. Won. Away.

June 17—D.C.S.O.B., 128; Dover C.C., 180 for 4. Lost. Home.

June 24—D.C.S.O.B., 165 for 6 (declared); Dover Invicta, 61. Won. Away.

July 8—D.C.S.O.B., 87 for 6; Eastry, 118. Abandoned, rain. Home.

The remaining fixtures are:—

July 15—v. Connaught Rangers. Home.

July 22—v. Dover Invicta C.C. Home.

July 29—v. Folkestone C.C. Away.

Aug. 5—v. Dover C.C. Away.

Aug. 19—v. Eastry C.C. Away.

Aug. 26—v. Royal Marines N.C.O.'s. Home.

Sept. 2—v. Duke of York's RM. School. Home.

Sept. 9—v. R.G.A. Home.

Sept. 16—v. Connaught Rangers. . . . . . .. Away.

H.A.L.L.

FREE PLACE SCHOLARSHIPS, 1922.

The following will enter School next term:—

Barton Road Boys' School, Dover.—M. Castle, F. H. Peters, D. D. Dunford, R. A. Pott, J. E. Holland, A. H. Waterman.

Castle Garrison School, Dover.—J. M. Saunders.

Holy Trinity School, Dover.— J. A. J. Binks.

St. Martin's School, Dover.—E. H. Baker, C. A. M. Farr, J. G. Hammond.

St. Mary's School, Dover.—R. J. Belsey, R. G. Harris.

St. Bartholomew's School, Dover.—M. W. Buckley.

Western Heights Garrison School, Dover.—J. Hickie, F. C. W. Trend.

Deal Parochial School.—W. B. Dunn.

Deal Wesleyan School.—S. C. Rowe.

Walmer Parish School.—C. A. Mercer.

Lord Guilford's School. Waldershare.—E. S. Kennett.

Temple Ewell School.—A. W. Brooker.

Sibertswold School, Shepherdswell.—E. W. J. Moseling.

INTER-COUNTY SCHOOL SPORTS.

The Sixth Annual Meeting held at Beckenham on 25th March last is now very much a thing of the past with most of us, but while a detailed report is unnecessary, a general account will perhaps not be out of place.

The School team with a band of very vociferous supporters journeyed to Beckenham by train and arrived the same day. After lunch at the School the team repaired to the Sports Ground to find their supporters, reinforced by the welcome appearance of some old boys, planted at the side of the track, armed with megaphones and waging wordy warfare against rival supporters.

We met with misfortune in the first heat of the 100 Yards (Senior), when Thacker fell and injured himself; first place in the final went to Beckenham. Our representatives in the 100 Yards (Junior) were much smaller than their opponents and, although they ran well, were unplaced. Adams, of Beckenham, secured the Quarter-Mile, and Erith won the Mile; in the latter race Scarlett, after leading for 1½ laps, failed to keep up the pace and was unplaced. Neither of the times of these two races equalled those of Horrex at Dover last year. Rowe, of Ramsgate, won the High Jump (Senior), with the record jump of 5ft. 4½ins. Gunn won the High Jump (Junior), and registered our only success. The Junior Relay Race, in which we had expected to gain a place, was won by Ramsgate, our men fumbling in taking the flag. Ramsgate also won the Junior Long Jump, while Adams, of Beckenham, won the Senior Long Jump at 17ft. 9ins., which distance was beaten by the first four in the Long Jump in the School Sports a month ago. Brown reached the final of the Junior Quarter-Mile, but was forced to retire in the middle of the race, first place going to Beckenham. Beckenham won the Senior Relay in 4mins. 7secs., and so went the last of our trophies won last year. Ramsgate won the Tug-of-War Cup, with Erith second and Dover third.

Ramsgate recovered the Challenge Shield with 39 points, and Beckenham were second with 34.

At the conclusion Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. Cuthbert James presented the trophies.

Although the School team did not meet with much success, they all ran and jumped well, and with a little more training and experience will do better.

We owe a debt of gratitude to the Beckenham authorities for their complete and generous arrangements for the reception and entertainment of the teams, and also register our thanks to the Head Mistress of the Beckenham Girls' School and her Staff, who kindly provided lunch for the supporters who travelled with us.

The meeting will be held at Ramsgate next year.

School team:—Gormley (capt.), Motley, Scarlett, Hicks (R), Strugnell, Denton, Thacker, Woodham, Kirton, Ryeland, Gunn, Brown, Webb, Frow, Clements, Belsey, Pinkney.

C.H.G.

THE ANNUAL SPORTS.

When the last race had been run and the last point secured, the medallions were distributed by the Mayoress, a ceremony which furnished a fitting conclusion to an extremely pleasant and inspiring afternoon.

A vote of thanks to the Mayoress, proposed by Mr. Tomlin and seconded by Capt. Rowe, was carried with acclamation.

A.T.

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RESULTS.

SENIOR EVENTS (OVER 14).

100 Yards Handicap.—1st, Twyman; 2nd, Denton; 3rd, Gunn. Time, 12 1/5secs.

220 Yards Handicap.—1st, Gunn; 2nd, Motley, pri.; 3rd, Frow. Time, 26 4/5 secs.

440 Yards Handicap.—1st, Frow; 2nd, Gormley; 3rd, Woodham. Time, 59 secs.

880 Yards Handicap.—1st, Pinkney, sec.; 2nd, Rogers; 3rd, Gormley. Time, 2 mins. 14 4/5 secs.

Mile Handicap.—1st, Pinkney, sec.; 2nd, Saville; 3rd Rogers and Pain. Time, 5 mins. 10 secs.

120 Yards Hurdles.—1st, Hicks; 2nd, Denton; 3rd, Cole and Strugnell. Time, 17 3/5 secs.

High jump.—1st, Hicks and Strugnell; 3rd, Landrock. Height, 4ft. 11¾ins.

Long jump.—1st, Motley, pri.; 2nd, Hicks; 3rd, Strugnell. Distance, 18ft. 9ins. (School Record).

Throwing the Cricket Ball.—1st, Motley, pri.; 2nd, Hicks; 3rd, Cole. Distance, 79yds.

House Relay Race.—1st, Country House (Thacker, Denton, Hicks, Twyman); 2nd, Maxton House (Musson, Stokes, Scarlett, Motley, pri.).

Tug-of-War.—1st, Buckland House (Gormley, Quinlan, Day, Nowers, Rigden, Landrock, Muttett, Clark); 2nd, Country House (Twyman, Pelham, Hicks, Gray, Ryeland, Paton, Denton, Lamidey).

JUNIOR EVENTS (UNDER 14).

100 Yards Handicap.—1st, Brown; 2nd, Clements; 3rd, A. Jarvis. Time, 12 secs.
220 Yards Handicap.—1st, Brown; 2nd, Clements; 3rd, A. Jarvis. Time, 29 secs.
440 Yards Handicap.—1st, Brown; 2nd, Clements; 3rd, Nurse. Time, I min. 5 2/5 secs.

High jump.—1st, Howgego; 2nd, Peyton; 3rd, Parsons. Height, 4ft.

Long jump.—1st, Brown; 2nd, Peyton; 3rd, Frame. Distance, 15ft. 10ins.

Throwing the Cricket Ball.—1st, Brown; 2nd, Parsons; 3rd, Peyton.

House Relay Race.—1st, Buckland House (Clements, Brown, Sherwood and Connor); 2nd, Maxton House (Trott, Peyton, Guy and Cadman).

JUNIOR SCHOOL EVENTS.

100 Yards Handicap.—1st, Bayliss; 2nd, Elliot; 3rd, Nurse. Time, 13 3/5 secs.
220 Yards Handicap.—1st, Bayliss; 2nd, Hover; 3rd, Nurse. Time, 31 3/5 secs.

Sack Race.—1st, Roberts; 2nd, G. Foad; 3rd, C. Foad.

CRICKET.

SCHOOL v. STAFF.
Played at Crabble, 31st May.

The Staff batted first on a hard wicket, Mr. Nobbs and Mr. Baxter opening. A bad start was made, only Mr. Baxter and Mr. Slater facing the bowling with any confidence. 7 wickets fell for 39, but the next wicket put on 46, Mr. Allen in particular playing well. The innings realized 100. Stokes and Kirton opened for the School. A good ball disposed of Kirton at 11, but the next wicket did not fall till Mr. Cole played a good innings, hitting 7 fours. School won by 7 wickets.
Scores:—

Bowling: Pelham, 4 wickets for 30; Lamidey, 3 for 41; Cole, 3 for 13.

Bowling: Mr. Slater, I wicket for 38 runs; Mr. Allin, 1 for 45; Mr. Uncles, 0 for 22.

DOVER COUNTY SCHOOL v. DYMCHURCH SCOUTS.

Played at Dymchurch, 10th June.

Owing to unforeseen circumstances, our opponents were unable to field the strong side they anticipated, and the School gained an easy victory. Cole again batted and bowled well, his leg-hitting being particularly clean and well-timed.
Scores:—

*Innings declared closed.

Bowling: Cole, 6 wickets for 11 runs; Stokes, 2 for 1; Larnidey, 0 for 3; Pelham, 0 for 5.

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A DOVER COUNTY SCHOOL XI. v. JUNIOR CONSERVATIVE CLUB.

Played at Kearsney, 17th June.

School won by 21 runs. Scores:—

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DOVER COUNTY SCHOOL V. HARVEY GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
Played at Crabble on Wednesday, 12th July.

The School went in first, and, by means of consistent batting soon obtained a very useful score. Stokes was responsible for the best innings of the day, his 43 including five 4's. Fifteen minutes after tea the innings was declared closed, the Grammar School being left with one and a half hours in which to get the runs. Cole and Lamidey then bowled well, and the School won by 127 runs.
Scores:—

Bowling: Hogbin, 2 wickets for 12 runs; Watts, 2 for 35; Dennis, 1 for 27; Croucher, 1 for 45.

Bowling: Cole, 6 wickets for 14 runs; Lamidey, 4 for 20.

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HOUSE MATCHES, SUMMER TERM, 1922.

May 24th.—Town v. Maxton.
Town, 84 (Kirton, 28; Musson, 4 for 11).

Maxton, 39 (Motley, pri., 12; Strugncll, 6 for 21; McConnell, 2 for 3; Leader, 2 for 4).
 

May 24th.—Country v. Buckland.
Country, 88 (Denton, 34; Pudney, 21 not out; Robey, 3 for 18; Webb, 2 for 3).

Buckland, 17 (Lamidey, 4 for 5; Pelham, 6 for 9).
 

June 21st.—Country v. Maxton.
Country, 69 (Denton, 19; Cole, 13; Pelham, 12; Stokes, 6 for 6).
Maxton, 51 (Stokes, 24; Trigg. 14: Lamidey, 4 for II; Cole, 4 for 13).

June 21st.—Town v. Buckland.
Town, 64 (Strugnell, 14; Gormley, 6 for 18).
Buckland, 37 (Strugnell, 6 for 23; Kirton, 4 for 14).

June 28th.—Maxton v. Buckland.
Maxton, 99 (Stokes, 39; Motley, pri., 23; Scarlett, 13).
Buckland, 41 (Wren, 20; Stokes, 5 for 8: Musson, 3 for 9).

June 28th.—Country v. Town.
Country, 71 (Tomlin, 27; Cole, 15; Leader, 4 for 10).
Town, 66 (Kirton, 15; Pelham, 5 for 23; Cole, 4 for 21).

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SWIMMING NOTES.

The chief event this term was the Swimming Sports, which were held on Thursday, 29th June, and on Friday, 30th June. On Thursday the Senior 8-lengths, the Junior 4-lengths, the House Relay and a Polo Match were held at the Swimming Baths on the Sea Front, and on Friday the Diving Competition and the Swimming-on-the-Back were held at the Duke of York's School Baths, which the authorities kindly allowed us to use.
 

SWIMMING RESULTS;

Senior, 8-lengths.—1, Hicks (scr); 2, Denton (scr); 3, Cole (2 secs.).
Junior, 4-lengths.—1, Jarvis (5 secs.); 2, Smith (7 secs.); 3, Trott (5 secs.).
House Relay.—1, Buckland House (Gormley, Rigden, Day, Webb); 2, Country House (Hicks, Denton, Lamidey, Cole).
Diving Competition.—1, Denton and Gormley; 3, Cole.
Swimming-on-the-Back.—1, Denton; 2, Jones; 3, Strugnell.

Hicks wins the Bromley Cup for the best time in the Senior 8-lengths, and by his victory secures also the Senior Championship Cup for Athletic Sports.

There has not been much polo this term, although we again obtained permission from the Dover Swimming Club to use their goal-posts and nets. We have been using the afternoons at the baths for practising the three methods of rescue and the release drills necessary for the Bronze Medallion life-saving examination, and several classes have been held after School in which we have learned the land drills necessary for this examination.

RESULTS OF POLO MATCHES:

Lamidey's Team, 3 (Lamidey 2, Strugnell 1); ML Constable's Team, 0.

Strugnell's Team, 1 (Jarvis); Lamidey's Team, 0.

HOUSE CHAMPIONSHIP, 1921-22.

HOUSE NOTES.
Maxton House.

The House cricket has improved since we met the Town House. With ten men we were only 15 runs behind the "Greens," which was a better result than we had hoped for, thanks being due to Stokes' bowling and batting. Trigg displayed a good variety of shots which produced badly-wanted runs. Our third match against the "Dark Blues" we won easily, Stokes scoring 39 and taking 5 wickets.

As regards the Sports, of the many who entered only very few of our House survived the heats. In the Junior events our relay team, which was the smallest, ran very well and secured second place, thereby gaining four points. The only other points gained in junior events were scored by Peyton. Starting from scratch in everything, Peyton ran extremely well and made a good attempt for the Junior Championship. The Senior relay team surprised everyone and was very unlucky not to have secured first place. Scarlett and Musson ran the best, each gaining several yards. Beyond the four points gained by the relay team, only one Red scored any others in Senior events.

It is to be hoped that next year members of our House will begin training earlier and that more of them will turn out. There will be changes in the football team for next term and I hope Reds will commence practice during the last part of the summer holidays.

W.M.

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Buckland House.

I will turn to the better side of the term's work first and deal with our performance in the Sports, which reached its accustomed level and gained us first place. After a good pull we won the Tug-of-War, although we were the lighter team. Brown is to be congratulated on winning the Junior Championship, as also is Pinkney on winning the Half-Mile and Mile. The efforts of all those who finished unplaced were not without result either, for they helped to maintain the tone of the House and its reputation for gameness.

We created rather a surprise in winning the House Swimming Relay, and this, with the Tug-of-War and Junior Relay Racc, means that, out of four team events, we captured three.

I am afraid the term's cricket has not been so successful, for, with our usual consistency, we lost all our matches. It is the strange failure of our batting which lets us down time after time, and yet we appear to have average batting ability as a side. Wren showed good form as a batsman in our last match, when we were without the services of Quinlan. We have been unable to get any practice at the nets, because the playing fields are not yet ready, and it has therefore been impossible to make any changes in the team.

We occupy second place in the final House Championship table. This is very good and needs but little betterment to win us the shield next year.

This term we shall be losing the services of Quinlan, and we shall miss him, particularly in one or two departments where weight and strength are far from being a handicap, such as the Tug-of-War, where as anchor-man for the past few years he has made his presence felt. We shall also miss him in the cricket eleven. Rigden is also leaving us, and he will leave a space in the forward line of the House football team and School eleven which will be hard to fill; his cricket and sports activities will also be missed. Landrock, too, is leaving, and his reliable play at full back will be greatly missed; he also leaves a gap in the House cricket and sports activities. We all wish the best of luck to these three in their future careers.

C.H.G.

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Town House.

The members of the cricket eleven are to be congratulated on their good performance in House cricket this season. It was feared at first that only a very moderate team could be put in the field but, as results show, we had hard luck in not heading the cricket table.

Our first match, against the Reds at Crabble, was won far more comfortably than was anticipated. The fielding was excellent, and the batting of Kirton and Hicks deserves special mention.

Against the Dark Blues, our superiority was again apparent. The pitch, on which the lack of grass was conspicuous, was not conducive to good batting or bowling, but we managed to obtain 64 and won by 27. No doubt if the chances given by our batsmen had been accepted the result would have been much closer.

Our final match, played at the Danes against the Greens, was the best of the three. We lost by 5 runs; but if our fieldsmen had accepted the catches given by Tomlin and Cole early in the game we should have been occupying the first place in the table instead of the second. Kirton and Glogg batted well, and Leader's bowling was a bright feature of the match.

Unfortunately, the success gained in cricket was not reflected in the sports. This was not due to lack of enthusiasm, but rather to lack of practice. Frow is to be congratulated on his good running in the Quarter-Mile.

Our only swimming success of note was the winning of the Junior 4-lengths by A. R Jarvis.

There will be more facilities for practice during the coming terms, and it is to be hoped that the football team will hold a more creditable position than during the past season.

R.L.S.

L.R.P.

—:—

Country House.

Yet again the House has the satisfaction of knowing that the Shield is to be decked for another year in ribbon already somewhat faded from its original green. It would be foolish and unjust to attribute this success to any particular member or members of the House; the Shield was won—and will, I hope, be retained-by the whole-hearted devotion of every member to the interests of the House.

Following up our success at football, with a team that has suffered but few changes since last season, we have managed to beat all the other Houses at cricket, but in no case without a hard struggle. The last match, that against the Town House, was particularly exciting, and resulted in a victory by the narrow margin of 6 runs.

On Sports Day we were compelled by the fine running of the Dark Blues, and particularly by the efforts of certain of the junior members of that House, to rest content with second place. Our thanks, however, are due to all who struggled, many unsuccessfully, to gain points for the House.

In swimming, although securing all three places in the Senior event, we were beaten in the Relay by the valiant efforts of the Dark Blues.

We must congratulate Hicks on winning for the House the Senior Championship and the Swimming Cup, and, since he is leaving us this term, must wish him a most successful career in the somewhat distant colony to which he goes, feeling sure he will always look back with pleasure on the many hard battles he has fought for House and for School.

Finally, Greens, what needs must be another strenuous year is before us. Play up, then, if we are to keep the Shield, and remember that in the long run it is keenness that always counts.

A.T.

SPORTS ACCOUNT On 4th July, 1922.

BENEVOLENT FUND.

During the past year the scheme for raising charitable funds has been re-organized, and last September it was decided to make an attempt to raise not less than £50 during the School Year.

The prevalence of bad times during the past winter made it seem somewhat doubtful whether our efforts would be successful. However, owing to the steady response to the appeals made each week the full amount has been raised. At the close of this term the Committee of Representatives will meet the Head Master to confer as to the disposal of the funds.

We make no boast of our efforts in these matters—for most schools now undertake some form of social service—but I think it is most gratifying to achieve so successful a result in a good cause; and I believe it is the wish of all that such splendid work should go forward. More power to our elbows!

Thanks are due to all who have assisted in this pleasant undertaking; more especially to the Charity Representatives, whose weekly duties have contributed much to its success and who whilst showing a deep sympathy for those in need, have received a useful training in the management of affairs.

W. UNCLES, Hon. Organising Secretary.

1st CADET COY. C.P. (F.) R.E.

The past term has witnessed an increased activity in the work of the Corps, which, owing mainly to the enthusiasm of the Fifth and Lower Sixth, now consists of quite a strong Company. While such enthusiasm exists it is to be hoped that in the near future the apathy with which the present Sixth regard the Corps will be dispelled.

The term's work commenced with two field days and, although only a few were present, two most instructive and enjoyable afternoons were spent in and around Pineham.

Owing to the counter-attraction of sports, it was found advisable to hold parades on Tuesdays after School instead of the customary Saturday parades, and this has been fully justified by the number of Cadets who have attended. These parades have been confined solely to squad and company drill, as this will form the basis of the inspection at camp and, as yet, the Company is not efficient in this particular branch of its training, although there is a marked improvement upon the form shown during the earlier months of the year. There is another branch of the training which has not been neglected, one which is perhaps the most popular with the cadets—signalling. The numbers attending the classes have become so large that it has been found necessary to allocate to the larger forms special evenings upon which to carry out their course of instruction.

During the past two years the Corps has suffered considerably from its lack of shooting facilities and the only satisfactory practice that the Cadets obtained was at the annual camp, when firing was carried out only under difficulties which would not be encountered on a permanent range. The Government has now, however, sanctioned the use of the School playing-fields as a range, and we all look forward to considerable practice in this congenial branch of a Cadet's training.

Once again we are about to go into camp, and although at the commencement of the term it was very doubtful whether a camp would be held on account of the small numbers, the enthusiasm of the Corps was revived and the number now exceeds sixty. Everyone felt that a change from our usual district was needed, and the suggestion of Hythe as a possible camping ground met with general approval. The Corps has been singularly lucky in having good weather for camp, except perhaps for the first day or so, and we can only hope for a continuation of this clemency of the elements for the forthcoming fortnight. In the meantime it is up to every Cadet to put his back into his work and not disgrace the fine tribute paid to the Corps by the C.R.E. on the occasion of his annual inspection last year.

The Officers, N.C.O.'s and men of the Company feel that they cannot let this occasion pass without paying due tribute to the work of Q.M.S. Scarlett, who will be leaving School at the end of the term. By his untiring enthusiasm and active interest in all branches of Cadet work he has helped to make the Company successful. We wish him all prosperity in his future work.

F.G.

VALETE.

A. TWYMAN.—Student Teacher; Head Prefect; Captain of School Games, 1920-21; Captain of Country House, 1920-21; School 1st XI. Football (colours); House Cricket; Inter-County Sports, 1920, 1921.

R. A. PELHAM.—Student Teacher; Sergeant, Cadet Corps; School 1st XI., Cricket and Football (colours).

G. L. QUINLAN.—School Prefect; Member of Sports Committee; House Cricket.

L. G. RIGDEN.—School 1st XI., Football; House Cricket; Secretary, Literary and Scientific Society.

C. A. SCARLETT.—C.Q.M.S., Cadet Corps; School Prefect; Sport$ Secretary; School 1st XI., Cricket; House Football ~ Inter-County Sports, 1921, 1922; Member of Pharos Committee.

B. J. LANDROCK.—House Football and Cricket.

E. R. GAMBRILL.—House Football and Cricket; Sergeant, Cadet Corps.

C. H. McCONNELL.—House Football; Inter-County Sports, 1920; Lce.-Cpl., Cadet Corps.

F. G. RYELAND.—Sergeant, Cadet Corps; Inter-County Sports, 1922.

R. A. HICKS.—Senior Athletic and Swimming Championships, 1922; School 1st XI., Football; House Cricket; Inter-County Sports, 1921, 1922.

G. W. MANLEY.—House Football.

G. O. PATON.—House Cricket.

F. E. BARTON.—House Football and Cricket.
 

W. J. WEBB.

T. END.

R. P. J. END.
 

A. R. MEADOWS.
 

L. C. STRUGNELL.

C. A. HARVERSON.

H. A. READ.

F. H. N. CARTER.

R. GRAY.

E. GOLDFINCH.

M. I. COBLEY.

F. SHEPPARD.

R. W. BROOKS.

M. S. LIVINGS.

F. G. STANLEY.

MERIT LIST.

Form Va.—Haynes (3), Dixon (3), Jones (3), Lewis (3), Smith (3), Motley (2), Hunt (2), Sewell, Webb, Roe, Beer.

Form IVa.—Newing (3), Gray (3), Gunn (2), Ott, Clark, Sheppard, Davis.
Form IIIa.—Garland (3), Green (3), Sutton (2), Leader, Newing, Hadlow.
Form IIIb.—Taylor (2).
Form IIIc—Phillips (2), Way (2), Haigh, Grilli.
Form IIa.—Jarrett (2), Donald (2), Morris.

Form IIb.—Sparham (3), Trist (3), Fagg (3), Turner (3), Munns (2), P. Taylor (2), C. Donald (2), Nurse, Jude.
Form IIc.—R. Pinkerton.

—:—

Junior School.

Form Ia.—Stanway (3), Hopkins (3), Relf (2), Horn (2), Goodwin, Moore, Eustace, Frame, Tucker.
Form Ib.—Dilnot (3), Donald (3), Hore (2), Overs (2), Fox (2), Dalton, Scotchmer.
Up. Prep.—Brown (3), Dewar (3), Dowsey (z), Cooke, Crofts, Whittingstall.
Lower Prep.—Austin (3), Hover (3), Johnson.

LITERARY COMPETITIONS.
SENIOR SCHOOL.

Forms II. and III.
"Mr. Tackleton at the Sports," C. Jarrett.
"Sir Roger visits D.C.S.," H. J. Southey.
"How nice to be . . .," A. Barnard.

Form IV.
"Puck takes part in a House Match," J. Beaman.
"A Schoolboy's Nightmare," J. Rankine.

—:—

SIR ROGER VISITS THE D.C.S.

It was with great pleasure that I received an epistle from that worthy Knight, Sir Roger. On perusing it I found it to be an invitation to spend a few days with him at Dover, an ancient port of good repute.

One of the institutions which we visited was the Dover County School for Boys. From the exterior it appeared a healthy abode, vividly contrasting, as my friend remarked, with the schools of our boyhood days.

In a recess of the playing grounds stood a rusty cannon of sorts. I know not for what reason it was there, as it seemed greatly neglected.

Whilst we stood discussing this matter a gong sounded within, and after a few minutes we heard a considerable noise, which soon gradually subsided, giving place to sundry deep-toned ejaculations from the pedagogues concerning their lessons.

We now entered, and a portly person of military bearing asked us whom we were desirous of seeing. My companion replied that we wished to see the Head Master. So he directed a small boy who was passing to conduct us to his room. The boy touched his forelock, in lieu of a cap, very politely, with which portrayal of good manners my friend was highly pleased.

The Head regretted not being able to Conduct our tour personally, but he engaged a master to take his place. The Upper Forms were very pleasing to my friend, who is naturally studious, as we found them very thorough even to the extent of having recently attended a local theatre for the purpose of improving their knowledge of the "Swan of Avon," Shakespeare, a method which the regular play critic, Sir Roger, heartily endorsed.

On hearing that many senior boys were, in the near future, to engage in examinations which involved their careers, he addressed a few brief words of encouragement to them.

He was also pleased to note that the school in general not only worked well, but played at their sports keenly, with good-tempered rivalry among the Houses.

That which impressed Sir Roger most was the Memorial Window. He is not usually given to emotions, but on realizing the purpose of this beautiful piece of work he had visibly to restrain himself.

As we departed, Sir Roger expressed the sentiment that he thought the boys and masters extremely fortunate in being able to work under such splendid conditions, and regretted that it was not in his power to provide such conditions for the less fortunate or even to enforce them by law.

H. J. SOUTHEY, (IIIa.).

—:—

"HOW NICE TO BE"

—:—

A SCHOOLBOY'S NIGHTMARE.

A WIRELESS CONCERT.

At six o'clock the other evening I went to the Cadets' wireless station. I put on the phones and tuned in Paris. At first all I could hear was a long continuous whistle somewhat like the "All clear" that most remember. Having cut this out, I heard a gentleman at the Eiffel Tower Station in Paris giving out a weather report. This consisted of a forecast, given out for various districts, of which the following is a specimen:—

Voici le temps probable pour la région du Nord: Vent faible ou modéné—direction Nord ou Nord-ouest—Beau temps assuré.

Température Stationnaire.

Le minimum de Température sera environ 11°C.

In ten minutes he had finished, and announced that the concert would start by saying "Alors, vous allez entendre 'La Grande Marche de Tannhaüser,'" and in a few seconds the band commenced. For a wonder there was no spark to interrupt this particular piece, but in the next I was not so fortunate. It was given out in the usual manner. "Alors vous allez entendre une Nocturne de Chopin, jouée par M. Gobert," and a splendid violin solo followed. Unfortunately, in the middle of it, a spark tried to keep time for a few bars, but being unable to do so, it stopped. After this was a "Marche Militaire" by the band; this also was very good. M. Gobert obliged once more with a "Romance Espagnole," and this solo was better than his first. The closing piece of the concert was "Scène Pittoresque de Mazin," by the band, a pretty, sprightly piece and a fit ending for a concert. To my regret the gentleman at the Eiffel Tower then took his leave of us with "La téléphonie sans fil est termineé—au revoir mesdames, au revoir messieurs," and the concert was finished.

W.W.

OUR VISIT TO THE ELECTRIC-LIGHT WORKS.

One recent Wednesday afternoon Form Va (Sc.) and a few from Lower Sixth had the great privilege of looking over the Electric Power Station. Having always been possessed of a great desire to visit these works, we were naturally highly elated at the prospect. Having been previously warned about carrying watches with us, we met at the specified time and entered the works.

On entering the engine room, with a guide leading, the first two things that attracted our attention were the great hum of the main dynamo, which caused us to lose quite an appreciable amount of information from the guide, and the absolute cleanliness of the place. We were split up into parties under separate guides, and then began the "general inspection."

Our party was first conducted by a workman through the engine-room itself, the various pieces of mechanism being explained to us. The first thing of interest was the old plant, which has been replaced quite recently by a new steam turbine. We were informed that it was built in about the year 1894, so it has done a good deal of service.

At the far end of the works was the new steam turbine of 1,250 kilowatts. It was coupled up through gearing to an alternating current dynamo and then to a direct current dynamo. The engine speed was rated at 5,000 revolutions pcr minute, and after being geared down the dynamos were driven at 500 revolutions per minute. The wind set up by the revolving armature quite astonished us.

Ranged along the right wall of the works was a number of smaller dynamos alternating with massive switchboards of polished slate bearing large meters and switches. The largest of these dynamos was used for charging the accumulators of the dust-carts, whilst others were used for exciting the field magnets of the alternating current dynamo or for various charging purposes.

On the switchboards were many meters, switches, and other instruments, all of which excited great admiration and interest.

We derived considerable amusement from watching the fluctuations of a large ammeter connected in the tramway circuit, thus noting when the trams started and stopped.

We were then conducted into the boiler room, where our guide explained the various ways in which the coal was discharged into the furnaces. There were six boilers altogether. Two, which were not working, were charged by hand; two others were charged by the coal being carried into the fire on an endless chain, and the other two were charged by the coal being forced into the fire from underneath by an automatically controlled piston. On the wall was an instrument which very ingeniously recorded the percentage of carbon dioxide present in the gases from the fire, by means of a coloured liquid indicator and scale.

From the boiler-room we passed into a chamber containing the large condensers connected with the turbine. In these the used steam is condensed and returned to the river.

The economiser, which utilizes the waste gases from the furnaces for various purposes, excited a great deal of interest, as also did a small machine which operated some scrapers used to scrape off the soot collected on the inside of the economiser.

The batteries were then shown to us. We immediately noticed a very acid smell as we entered the room. The size and number of the accumulators quite astonished us. They stood about two feet in height, forming two rows extending almost the whole length of the works. The batteries fulfil a very important function. When a large current is suddenly required in one part of the town, these batteries take the extra load, and thus not too heavy a load is forced on the dynamo.

We then passed up an iron staircase to the main switchboard, from which everything is controlled. There were switches and meters in plenty, but one particular instrument drew most attention. It is called a synchroniser. When an alternating current dynamo is to be switched in whilst another is going, it must be started so as to be going in exact phase with the other, or else the two dynamos would partly neutralise each other. The instrument enables this to be very accurately done, although the current from the dynamo may be performing one hundred cycles per second.

Here we ended our visit, having spent a very enjoyable and instructive time. We were deeply obliged to the guides for their kind attentions and especially to Mr. Pearce, without whom we should not have been able to spend such a delightful afternoon.

D. T. JONES.

THE CADETS' DEFENCE OF PINEHAM.

ELECTRO-PLATING.

Some time ago I visited an electro-plating works, where I spent a most entertaining hour or two.

I was shown the different processes used in this interesting work, and I will try to explain them.

A dirty old metal tea-pot was produced, and I watched this being made into a presentable article again.

The first thing to be done was to remove all dirt from the tea-pot, and this was accomplished by allowing it to lie for a time in a vat containing a strong solution of potash. After that it was necessary to take away all traces of old plating which were apparent on the pot, and this was effected by means of a revolving brush fitted to a lathe. When all the old plating was brushed off, a circular "bob" was used on the tea-pot to put a smooth surface on the metal. The next operation was to remove all grease from the tea-pot—grease is used on the "bob" to ensure easy running on the metal—and this was done by hand, using scouring-powder and water.

I was now introduced to the vat in which the actual plating was done. It was a wooden tank, about 4 ft. by 2 ft. by 2ft. or 3 ft., lined with zinc, and nearly filled with a solution of nickel salts. Nickel anodes were hung in the solution, suspended from brass bars—one bar on each side of the vat. These bars were connected with an electric dynamo. A piece of copper wire was attached to the tea-pot, which was hung from a third brass bar, so that it was suspended in the nickel solution, entirely submerged. The electric current was now switched on; and the tea-pot began at once to become coated with the nickel. The tea-pot was kept in the vat until a certain thickness of nickel shone like the imitation of silver it was, on the tea-pot.

When the operator was satisfied with the pot's appearance, he switched off the current, took the tea-pot from the vat, rinsed it thoroughly in clean water, and dried it in hot sawdust.

The only thing to be done now was to polish the tea-pot, and again the circular brush was brought into use. This time the polishing brush was of leather, and a marvellous finish was given to the tea-pot in a very short time. A touch with a chamois leather to remove all dust was given, and a tea-pot was handed to me which only a short while before looked fit only for the rubbish heap, but which now seemed a right ornament for a duke's table.

J. V. HORN (Ia).

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOVER HARBOUR.

A study of the history of Dover as a port should not fail to inspire every true Dovorian with a feeling of pride, since the town has a record which few ports in the kingdom can equal.

Unhappily there have been periods when Dover has been in a very precarious condition, as it is to a certain extent to-day, but a consideration of the factors which have affected its welfare shows clearly that the town has been influenced by conditions not of its own making.

Let us first of all cast our minds back to the days before the Christian era. Dover was then a very small, but not correspondingly insignificant port, to which the Belgic peoples of Gaul brought their merchandise for trade with the Britons, for at Dover was to be found the only appreciable gap in the formidable East Kent coast. Here, too, the sea was admitted between the hills, thus affording a comparatively safe anchorage for the frail cross-Channel traffic of those days.

The strategic importance of Dover was further exemplified during the Roman invasion of our shores. Julius Ceasar steered towards this haven in 55 B.C., and actually moored his ships on the site now occupied by the town. Having established himself in the island, one of his first steps was to return to Dover, which he made a base for his transports, calling it, in his "Commentaries," the "civilest place in all this isle." The Romans sought to encourage trade with the continent by constructing a lighthouse on each side of the estuary. The remains of these two beacon towers are still extant, being familiarly known as the "Pharos" on the Castle cliff and the "Bredenstone" on the Western Heights.

To illustrate still further the importance which the Romans attached to the port, one may refer to a recent discovery near the Museum. A few feet below the surface were found, among other things, two Roman tiles, on one of which was noticed a trace of the letters "C1 Br," whilst on the other was an inscription clearly indicating this to be a contraction of the words "Classiarii Britannici," which mean "British Naval Forces." A gravestone at Lympne—the only Roman gravestone found in this district makes it clear that the inscription refers to the British Fleet of the Romans, and authorities of considerable importance in France have held that these tiles were made by artizans attached to that organization, which not only ran the ships but garrisoned the ports from which they issued. As such tiles have been found in considerable quantities only at Dover and Boulogne, it is fairly clear proof that the Roman Fleet headquarters were at these two places.

Thus, in Roman Britain, Dover was of considerable importance, both from a commercial and a naval standpoint.

Towards the end of the Roman occupation, the haven presented a very different aspect. Old manuscripts tell us that about 43 A.D. there was a revolt of the Britons under Arviragus, a tributary British King, who "hired a multitude" to block up the mouth of the estuary and so keep out the Roman ships. This was only partly successful, but aided by geographical factors, it has resulted in the haven becoming silted up completely.

Owing to the narrowness of the Channel between Dover and Calais, the tidal currents are very pronounced in the Straits. The one affecting Dover most is the eastward flowing stream which has denuded the western shore in the neighbourhood of Shakespeare Cliff, thereby necessitating the construction of stone "aprons." Because of its speed, this eastward drift is able to carry along with it large quantities of shingle and ooze, so it is only reasonable for one to associate this fact with the growth of a shingle "bar" across the mouth of the estuary. The River Dour, now so proverbially sluggish, was much larger in volume during the Roman times than now, due probably to the fact that its underground resources were not tapped artificially to the same extent as they are at present. The larger volume of this river combined with its greater speed enabled it to carry in suspension a large amount of mud and gravel, which was deposited on the shingle bank. In this way the estuary gradually lessened and its place was taken by a delta having two outlets to the sea—one at East Cliff (Eastbrook) and the other at New Bridge (Westbrook). Both of these outlets were navigable for the small boats of the period, whilst on the reclaimed land a shipyard was established. Owned and run by a number of Dover burgesses, this yard was a hive of industry, in which were built ships for the Passage and also the twenty-one vessels which Dover, as the leading Cinque Port, had to provide for the King's service. It is interesting to note in passing that Dover still maintained the supremacy it had acquired in Roman days, as the other Cinque Ports were only required to furnish five ships each.

It is unfortunate that we should have such scanty information regarding the port's activities during the dark days of Saxon and Danish invasions, but that period was probably one of stagnation until the Eleventh Century, when intercourse with the Continent increased owing to the more settled state of Western Europe.

EARLY 16TH CENTAURY VIEW OF DOVER REPRODUCED FROM A LARGE DRAWING IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM References-(A) Archliffe Point, (B) Paradise Harbour, (C) Site of Snargate Street, (D) Knights Templars' House and Church, (E) The Bredenstone, (F) St. Martin-le-Grand, (G) Up-Market, now Victioria Park.

Westbrook was unsuitable for the construction of a small harbour, wherein the mariners could moor their boats, because of a mill which affected the river's flow, so all attention was turned towards the eastern outlet of the Dour. An old danger, however, reappeared. The seaward face of the delta began to be eroded to such an extent that it was deemed necessary to erect a substantial wall from Westbrook to Eastbrook, the money for which was obtained out of the profits of the Passage and from fines due to breaches of regulations. Behind this wall was built a wharf enabling passengers and merchandise to be embarked and landed, at the same time affording a promenade of which the inhabitants took full advantage.

In 1227 Henry III. issued a charter granting the monopoly of the Cross-Channel traffic to the mariners using the eastern harbour. This had the immediate effect of increasing Dover's trade, and so great was the traffic between that town and Wissant in the early fourteenth century that agreements had to be drawn up to regulate it. The mariners were thereupon compelled to make fair charges and take their proper turns. The influx of pilgrims to Thomas a Beckett's tomb at Canterbury was largely responsible for the abnormal traffic, which, in addition, gave rise to the establishment of what we should now term a "hostel," where the pilgrims could obtain food and shelter. This building later on became a victualling office for the Navy, and in the early half of last century was transformed into the Town Hall as we know it to-day.

In 1343 a royal ordinance declared that mariners should pay a certain proportion of their profits towards the upkeep of the harbour, whilst in 1381 Dover's monopoly was confirmed, this being the occasion of the transfer of traffic from Wissant to Calais, which was then rising in importance.

From the end of the fourteenth century Dover's prosperity began to decline, the inroads of the sea being mainly responsible. The eastward flowing current was seriously denuding the shore and piling up sand and shingle in the mouth of the small eastern harbour. To counteract this effect, another wall was built from East Cliff to Westbrook in the early fifteenth century. Local contributions towards the upkeep of this wall led to agitation in 1424 for free wharfage and free loading. The state of the harbour having been brought to his notice, Henry VI., or rather the Protector, endeavoured to improve matters by encouraging shipbuilding and issuing a charter whereby "no merchant, pilgrim or horse should leave Kent except by Dover." Unfortunately, however, for Dover, even this timely aid at a crisis in the town's history proved inadequate to stem the tide of misfortune. In addition, the favours shown to Dover were prejudicial to the other Cinque Ports, so it is not surprising to find that, during the Wars of the Roses, when the whole country was in a turmoil, Dover's trade was deflected to Sandwich, Hythe, Romney, etc. The town thus became seriously neglected—so seriously in fact that the mariners had to depend on the somewhat precarious living of sea-robbing.

At last, despite piteous appeals of the townsfolk for assistance, the eastern harbour had to be abandoned. During the thousand years of its existence it had undoubtedly been a valuable asset to the town, having been responsible for the growth of commercial enterprise and consequently of the town's prosperity. Man had fought hard to retain his hold on the snug little harbour, within bow-shot of the castle walls above, but in the final contest Nature won. Nevertheless, the Dover mariners were not wholly dismayed; they cast about to discover a new site for an anchorage, and their attention was directed towards Archcliffe Point, on the other side of the bay.

It must be borne in mind that at this particular period, say the middle of the fifteenth century, the sea washed the base of the cliffs from Shakespeare Cliff to East Cliff. There was no land where we now have the Sea Front, Snargate Street, Strond Street and the "Pier District"—all was sea.

During the early years of Henry VII.'s reign large quantities of beach accumulated at Archcliffe Point, and mariners used to shelter their boats from the prevailing south-westerly winds. Realizing the value of such an anchorage, Sir John Clark, the Master of the Maison Dieu, prevailed upon Henry to subsidize his schemes for making a permanent harbour at Archcliffe. As a result, various walls were built to enclose what was subsequently known as "Little Paradise." Hollingshed's Chronicle gives us a very interesting description of this snug little harbour and mentions that a round tower was built on the "south-west side of the Bay, which served to defend the ships from the rage of south-west winds, but especially to moor ships that were tied thereto. Many great rings were fastened to the tower for that purpose. Nevertheless, this was thought very insufficient for the number of ships which usually lay for harbour in the Road. "The entrance to this harbour, however, was by means of a channel cut through Archcliffe Point, so the shipping under "Bulwark Cliff" was not protected from the tidal currents.

The above paragraph proves two things: first of all that Dover must have been an important town or else Henry VII. would not have spent money on it. Miserly as he was, however, he was wise enough to see that the increased traffic would justify the expenditure. In the second place a good deal of shipping must have taken advantage of Dover haven; otherwise Hollingshed would not have made that significant remark, mentioned above, regarding the number of ships "which usually lay for harbour in the Road."

It is necessary at this stage to remark that the commercial rivalry of Sandwich, which had helped to ruin Dover's prosperity during the Wars of the Roses, was now practically at an end. The same current that had filled up the eastern harbour and rendered it useless, had also piled up sand and gravel in Pegwell Bay to such an extent as to transform Sandwich into an inland town. All naval and commercial enterprise was therefore focussed on Dover.

This brings us to what was probably the most important period in the history of the harbour, the reign of Henry VIII. In 1532 the Corporation sent a petition to the King embodying what they considered the more important works for the improvement of the harbour at Archcliffe. In addition, a deputation of Dover mariners waited on the King, but Henry needed little persuasion to induce him to give the town the aid it required. Probably he had noticed the condition of the harbour on his memorable embarkation in 1520; at any rate he gave £500 as a first instalment, the money being used to repair breaches in Sir John Clark's sea wall. The early sixteenth century drawing of Dover Harbour, inserted in this issue, shows clearly the other works that were undertaken at Dover, which gave the town the right to designate itself a "Port Royal." A number of western groynes, built to retard the ever advancing shingle menace, arc not shown, but the two piers which formed the entrance to Paradise Harbour arc indicated. Even these piers failed to keep the mouth of the harbour clear of beach, so Henry embarked on a very expensive project, viz., the construction of a substantial pier or "mole" seven hundred yards long, in order, Hollingshed tells us, that the harbour should be "guarded from the rage of all weather coming from the north, north-east, north-west, and south-west, with the entrance only at east-south-east." The same writer goes on to say, "The King on his part spared no charge, for he spent hereabouts £50,000; nor did he forbear any travail that might hinder the work, for in person he repaired there divers times." A further extract illustrates the King's anxiety that the work should be a success: "Although the harbour was fifty miles at the least from his Court, yet His Majesty had such care that the building should be so well performed, that no expert man in such work, either on this side or beyond the seas, but, if possible, he was brought thither, or, at least, conferred with; and during the time of all this work the King's coffers seemed to stand wide open."

As regards the actual building of the pier, we are fortunate in being able again to refer to Hollingshed. He tells us that the foundations of the structure consisted of huge blocks of stone brought from Aycliffe. The manner in which they were transported is interesting, for it was the result of an invention by a poor man named John Young, who, "first with a nutshell, afterwards with an eggshell, and lastly with a small vessel, made proof what weight those things could raise and bear in water, and having by that experiment made trial that stones of great weight might be raised and carried in the water by greater vessels, he discovered his experiment to such as were officers, who presently put into practice the same device, am I making provision of great and strong barrels and pipes of wood, carried them to Folkestone, and at low water fastened thereunto with chains such huge stones as lay on the shore where the quarry of those rocks is, so as when the flood, or full sea, came, the barrels and pipes with the stones thereto rose and swam; then did they drag with small boats the barrels and the stones attached, to the place in the wall where they were to sink them." In appreciation of the device, Henry granted Young a yearly stipend throughout his life.

Having a firm foundation, the pier was further strengthened by a double row of fir piles twenty feet long, which were bound with iron and driven by a ram into holes bored in the chalk rocks. Between the rows of piles large quantities of chalk and shingle were placed, thus forming a very substantial structure which would probably have eliminated the danger of drifting beach. Unhappily, however, Henry's death resulted in a cessation of work on the pier, and, his reign being followed by a period of unrest and confusion in England, the pier fell into decay. As a proof of the thoroughness of the work undertaken may be mentioned the fact that the foundations of the mole are still visible at low tide outside the harbour mouth.

R.A.P.

(To be continued.) (To next)

LITERARY COMPETITIONS.

JUNIOR SCHOOL.
"The Work of Water," J. V. Horn.
"A Puzzle Letter," S. Blaxland.

"Death of a Flower," S. Dowsey.

—:—

A PUZZLE LETTER.

DEAR MOTHER,

We arrived in camp last night and struck Luck at once. The Meadows are green and shady, and the Wells from which we get our water are close at hand. There is Moore water near by, where we hoped to Rowe, but we hear there is a Law against boating there.

We brought all our luggage in a Barrow, and we were each given a Card with the number of our tent. It was a long march, and I was glad to get to the End of it. In climbing a fence I got two Cutts on my knee, and shall have to Nurse it up for a day or two.

There are two officers with us; the one you think is like Oliver Cromwell and a New-man whose name I do not know.

Frank was on sentry duty last night. He kept a Sharp lookout, and about ten saw a Brown Fox creeping by the hedge. It disappeared behind some old wind Mills when he shouted.

I hope you are all well and that the Waters at Buxton are doing Grandma good.

Your loving son,

BILLY.

—:—

DEATH OF A FLOWER.

WHAT TO WRITE.

AN ICEBERG.

One day, on my way to Canada, I saw an iceberg off Newfoundland. It was entirely different from what I thought. The sun was shining, and it made the iceberg sparkle and look as if it was composed of rainbows. It towered high above our ship like a huge, rocky island of shimmering white. It seemed as though it was not moving at all.

L. G. PACKER (Ib.).

BUILDING CASTLES.