No. 47. DECEMBER, 1924. VOL. XIV.

FIAT LUX.

NOTICES.

The next number of The Pharos will appear about 28th March. Contributions must be submitted to the Editor not later than 2nd March.

We acknowledge with thanks Ruym (Ramsgate County School), The Harveian, The Ashfordian, Beckenham County School far Girls magazine, Dover County School for Girls Magazine, The Mayfield Magazine (Gravesend County School for Girls).

Copies of the current issue of The Pharos or of back numbers which are in stock may be obtained from the Editor, price 9d.

The Editor would be glad to have the names and addresses of Old Pharosians and others who would like to receive copies.

The Pharos is now issued free to all members of the Old Boys' Association.

HEAD MASTER'S NOTES.

The Spring Term, 1925, will commence on Thursday, 8th January, and end on Wednesday, 1st April. Holders of season tickets are asked to see that their railway passes arc made out to cover both these dates.

The School was glad to congratulate Mr. Tomlinson publicly at the close of last term, when the B.A. Honours Lists of London University were published, and his name was found well placed among those who obtained Honours in Mathematics.

We welcome to the Staff this term as an additional Master, Mr. T. E. Archer, a Science Graduate of Selwyn College, Cambridge, with special qualifications in Nature Study and Agriculture. It is hoped that his experience in the Junior School will be both useful to himself and profitable to the School. His interest in sports and in the general welfare of the boys is bound to be much appreciated.

We look back with the greatest pleasure to the Prize-Giving, which stands out as the best function of its kind the School has known. It is difficult to estimate adequately the effect which Speech Day has upon the boys themselves, the Staff and the distinguished visitors who attend. Nor is it easy to apportion praise to the many individuals who laboured so ungrudgingly to make it successful. We were delighted and inspired by Lord Burnham's address, by the gracious manner in which Lady Burnham distributed the awards, and by the first-class dramatic and musical entertainment provided by Miss Rookwood, Mr. Watt and Mr. Willis. It was indeed a great compliment to the School that one of the Dover papers published a special Supplement in our honour. May we continue to be worthy of the traditions already established in connection with our Speech Day.

The accommodation at the Town Hall was inadequate to meet the demands of all who wished for a seat; many visitors had to stand, and not a few to be turned away. The Parents' Association Committee undertook the seating arrangements, and regret inevitable disappointments, but will resolve that next year our plans must provide more effectively for the accommodation of those most interested—viz., the boys of the School, the parents and the Old Boys.

Concerning the prizes and awards themselves, it is likely that next year much greater importance will be attached to the part which a boy plays in the general life of the School and of the "House" to which he belongs. Boys are therefore advised not to aim merely at gaining marks for themselves, but to give ready assistance to all concerned in the organisation of the School sports, the Cadets, the Dramatic Club, and other similar School activities.

The School is glad that my remarks concerning the debit balance of the Sports Fund have been taken seriously to heart by individual parents, by the Parents' Association, and by the Staff. No definite proposals have yet been put forward, but we are most grateful to those parents who have made substantial contributions to relieve our insolvency. The general opinion seems to be in the direction of increasing the terminal Sports' Subscription from 2s. to 2s. 6d., as from the Summer Term 1925.

Parents of intending pupils may be glad to know that as from May, 1925, the Kent Education Committee propose, subject to the Kent County Council's approval, to reduce the existing fee of £15 a year to £12 a year, inclusive of the use of books, etc., so long as the parent or guardian resides in the Administrative County of Kent. Parents who rightly regard a good education as a most profitable investment on behalf of their children, will do well to consider what the School provides for the relatively small amount of £12 a year. It is therefore anticipated that larger numbers will avail themselves of the educational facilities now afforded.

Speaking on this subject at Edmonton, a few days ago, the new President of the Board of Education. Lord Eustace Percy, intimated that we must maintain and preach always the doctrine that a Secondary Education is necessary in all walks of life, and that the Secondary School boy should be the salt of every occupation, whether in the factory or the workshop, or the highly skilled professions. It is good to know that our new President of the Board does not regard Secondary Education as a special training for those who are clever enough to go to the University, or for those who merely become clerks and "black-coated" workers. How very closely his opinion agrees with what we heard from Lord Burnham!

Already a start has been made upon levelling the next terrace of the new site in Astor Avenue. Provision for the expenditure in connection therewith has been passed by the Kent Education Committee; the Board of Education approved the scheme, and the Unemployment Grants' Committee agreed to give a grant 75 per cent. of the wages paid to unemployed men engaged up the work.

A further move is being made this term by the planting some of the trees which will adorn the site and its borders, and afford an ample shade on sunny days "forty years on."

In November the Kent County Council approved the proposal to proceed with the work of building the School itself, and the K.E.C. Architects' Department has been instructed to draw a sketch plan for submission to the Governors. It will the remain for the Board of Education to approve the plans, and for the Ministry of Health to give permission for the loan, after which tenders will be invited and the actual work of building will begun. It is obviously impossible to give the exact date at which we shall take possession, but it is likely that a large majority the boys now in the School will enter "the promised land."

EDITORIAL.

The term has not been marked by any epoch-making event, but the usual School activities have been carried out successfully. The School Parties seem now to have become an established feature of Christmas-time, and we understand that signs of preparation for them are to be noted in various directions.

We hope all our readers will enjoy their share of these a other festivities proper to the season, and that the New Year will be for each of them, as well as for the School, the best on record.

GLEAMS AND FLASHES.

The Pharos Committee now consists of the Editor and Miss Rookwood, with Dixon, Nowers, S. T. Newing, Garland, Guy an Phillips. Contributions for the next issue should be given in to them in good time.

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On the 15th October the anniversary of the opening of the School was celebrated by an "At Home" given by the Head Master and Mrs. Whitehouse. A very pleasant time was spent by the Staff and their wives and a large number of Parents. The "At Home" was followed by the Annual General Meeting of the Parents' Association.

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The amount contributed to the School Charity Funds reached eleven guineas by the end of November. This includes £3 6s. 3d. by the sale of Poppies on Armistice Day.

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The contributions for 1923-4, after paying for the upkeep of our cot at Dover Hospital, were allotted as follows:—Earl Haig's Poppy Fund, £2; Dover Charity Committee, £20 (including proceeds of the School Concert). About £10 still remains for distribution.

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We thank the following boys for suitable articles, which are held over from lack of space:—H. G. Hopkins, R. E. Rowe, H. C. Blackford, L. J. Peters, Harris (IVB.), W. B. Dunn, L. J. Back, C. Mercer, Paterson, S. Walter, J. Saunders, E. L. Trist, S. Jeffery, W. Baker, R. Hurd, W. J. P. Walsh, A. Turner, "Lippus."

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A School Orchestra has been formed, and practices take place on Tuesday evenings. Mr. Willis would especially welcome the help of any boys who play an instrument other than the violin. There are also vacancies for violin players.

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A number of boys from Form IV. were fortunate in being able to attend an illustrated lecture on Canada, given by a representative of the C.P.R., on 4th December. Some excellent slides and films were shown, and the vast resources and natural beauties of our great overseas Dominion were well displayed.

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H. T. Dixon and W. J. F. Wellard have been made Honorary Members of the Old Boys' Association for the current School Year. They will form a link between the Present and the Old Boys, and those leaving School should apply to them for information concerning the O.B.A.

SCHOLARSHIPS AND EXAMINATION SUCCESSES.

Kitchener Scholarship.—H. W. Stokes.

Royal Scholarship, Imperial College of Science.—D. T. Jones.

London Inter Arts, July, 1924.—R. T. Dixon, S. J. Nowers, G. H. Roberts, H. R. Thacker.

London Inter Science, July, 1924.—D. T. Jones, B. Sewell, W. J. F. Wellard.

London Matriculation, Sept., 1924.—F. K. Webb.

Oxford School Certificate, July, 1924.—J. F. D. Diack.

Boy Artificers, Royal Navy.—R. J. Baxter, F. J. Frame, D. P. Sparham.

Boy Mechanic, R.A.F.— J. C. Clarke.

PARENTS' ASSOCIATION.

The Winter Season social activities opened on the 8th October with a Dance at the Town Hall, arranged by the Staff, Parents, Old Boys and Old Girls, which was a great success and most enjoyable. Apart from the Old Boys' and Girls' Reunion Dance at the Town Hall, which is always an outstanding event of the Festive Season, it was the first venture of the kind, and it has been decided to commence the Season in future with a Town Hall function.

The Head Master's At-Horne and Annual General Meeting of the Parents' Association on 15th October was a very fine and enthusiastic assembly of Parents. Although I was not present, through unavoidable absence from Dover, the thanks of the Association are due to Mr. G. Sanders for carrying out the arduous duties of honorary secretary for that evening.

The election of Mr. J. T. Fea, Mr. W. J. Pudney and Mr. A. Barnard to the Executive Committee represents a very keen interest in the Association, both by the electors and the elected.

The Annual School Prize-Giving was also a brilliant success. The Executive Committee are grateful for the reference to the Association's work in the Annual Report of the School.

The Association extend their congratulations to the recipients of their prizes at the Prize-Giving.

On account of the General Election our Whist Drive had to be postponed to 5th November. Owing to similar attractions on the same date, the attendance was not up to the usual standard, nevertheless it was a very enjoyable evening.

The Staff are to be congratulated on the special evening's enjoyment afforded by their Soireé on 22nd November.

The Executive Committee extend to Parents hearty greetings for Christmas and a prosperous New Year. To the Boys, the Committee trust that the New Year will find them resolving to fix firmly in mind ambitions for their own personal achievements, to work harmoniously with their fellow scholars in Form and on the playing fields, to uphold their Form and House in all team work, and to maintain with pride the honour and traditions of their School.

OLD BOYS' ASSOCIATION NOTES.

Association affairs continue to prosper on every hand, and our activities this term have received abundant support.

It was a little disappointing that we mustered only 25 at the Annual Dinner on 30th July, but a variety of reasons can be furnished in plausible explanation of this. Some, for example, had swallowed defeat at the hands of the School XI. earlier in the day, and a dinner and its aftermath may have seemed even more formidable. Apart from all else, however, many still claim the Dinner in the summer-time to be an anachronism, and the possibility of moving the fixture to the proverbial "flyless" season will doubtless again be a subject for discussion at our next general meeting. From all other view-points, the function was a success, the cooking and accommodation provided at the "Grand" being all that we desired. The after-dinner programme consisted of a number of short stories, told in turn by those present, several songs and the usual toasts; the toast of the "Head" being proposed by Mr. Allan F. George, the late candidate for the Dover Division. who is a member of the O.B.A.

The combined event at the Town Hall on 8th October, in the form of a Dance, was outstandingly successful, and it is gratifying to record that Old Boys were responsible for about forty per cent. of the attendance. The O.B.A. would, I am sure, wish to take this opportunity of expressing its indebtedness to the ladies of the Parents' Association, who so very efficiently carried out the catering arrangements. These were unquestionably the most successful we have yet experienced and could scarcely be surpassed.

Passing on to our Dance of 8th November, the note to be sounded again vibrates with success. The School hall was well filled and here we pause to congratulate our treasurer on his state of increasing affluence!

We would like to thank the Head Master for the provision made for Old Boys on the occasion of the Prize-Giving. It is worthy of note, however, that over seventy applications were made for the fifty tickets placed at our disposal.

Those Old Boys who knew W. B, Green will be interested to learn that he has been sent to the united States by the British Thomson Houston Company, to investigate and report on business methods in the electrical undertakings of America.

In conclusion, the Committee wishes, through this medium, to convey to all members of the Association its most cordial greetings and heartiest good wishes for prosperity and happiness during the Yuletide and coming year.

Here follows a list of new members joining the Association since the last issue of the Pharos:—

F. G. Lewis, 79, London Road, Dover.

A. H. Gunn, Sycamore Villa, Duke Street, Chelmsford.

H. W. Stokes, 70, Downs Road, Walmer.

G. H. Roberts, 227, Birchfield Road, Northampton.

G. B. Bent, Pencester Road, Dover.

W. Busbridge, 1, Gresham Villas, Priory Hill, Dover.

N. Sutton, 15, Buckland Avenue, Dover.

A. R. Jarvis, c/o 10, Monins Road, Dover.

E. V. Belsey, 14, Stanhope Road, Dover.

S. J. White, 159, Clarendon Place, Dover.

A. E. Diack, 10, Priory Gate Road, Dover.

D. T. Jones, The Royal College of Science, South Kensington.

W. Gosby, 2, Priory Grove, Priory Hill, Dover.

H. Pennock, E. Pond Close Nursery, Watersend, Temple Ewell.

London Branch.

A very enjoyable evening was spent at the Dinner held by the London Old Pharosians in the West End on the 28th November. We had an attendance of seventeen, including a few ladies, and we were again fortunate in having the Head Master with us. Between the toasts we had several musical interludes, including songs by Messrs. Pudney and Wilson, and a very romantic ballad by Mr. Whitehouse, concerning a lady named "Marguerita." "Forty Years On" was sung by all with great gusto.

The remainder of the evening was devoted to sing-songs, impromptu dancing, and the relating of School-day incidents.

After singing "Auld Lang Syne" we closed down—the reunion being voted by all a very happy one.

THE PRIZE-GIVING.

There was a crowded assemblage of parents and friends at the Town Hall on Friday evening, 14th November, on the occasion of the Prize-Giving, when Viscountess Burnham presented the prizes and Viscount Burnham, whose name is so well known in educational circles, delivered the Speech Day address. Canon Elnor, Chairman of the Governors, presided and was supported by Major Astor, M.P., the Mayor of Dover and members of the Governing Body, of the Corporation, of the Higher Education Committee, of the Parents' Association, and the School Staff.

In opening the proceedings, Canon Elnor, on behalf of the Governors, congratulated the Head Master, the Staff and the boys on the very gratifying results of the past year's work, and expressed the admiration felt by the Governors at the way the Head Master succeeded, in these difficult times, in placing boys in suitable posts when the time came for them to leave school.

On rising to give his annual report, the Head Master extended a hearty welcome to our distinguished visitors. Two of the main factors in our national education were, he declared, the Press and the Schools, with both of which Lord Burnham was intimately associated and, speaking as a schoolmaster, he sincerely wished his Lordship every success in his difficult task of trying to assign a monetary value to the work of the teacher.

The progress made by the School during the year under review was most gratifying. In spite of trade depression and consequent financial difficulties, there was the record number of 370 on the roll; while the growing waiting list was justification for the projected new school to accommodate 450 boys. On the site in Astor Avenue the first sod had been cut and good progress since made in levelling. Referring to the excellent Examination results, the Head Master said he considered it no mean achievement for nine boys of the School to pass the Inter Arts or Inter Science in one year. Moreover, H. Stokes had won an open scholarship at Selwyn and a Kitchener Scholarship; while D. Jones, by his brilliant work, had gained an open Royal National Scholarship tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology.

In the realm of sport the School had had a fairly successful year; cross-country running had been introduced, and the points gained would count towards the House Championship. As for the Cadet Corps, it had never been so flourishing, and reflected great credit on those concerned; it had come out second in the County in the Lucas Tooth competition, and first in the Lady West physical drill contest. Swimming had been well patronised, and excellent work had been done.

Marked success, too, had attended the efforts of the School in its other manifold activities; the Charity Fund had again passed the £50 mark; the Literary and Scientific Society had afforded the Upper School the opportunity for very interesting debates and lectures; the Dramatic Society had acquainted its members with our best literary models; and The Pharos still continued to shed its light. The Old Boys' Association, both in Dover and in the London branch, was enthusiastic and progressive, and the Parents' Association continued to give its welcome assistance on every possible occasion. Following a visit paid by Sir Wm. Schooling, a National Savings Association had been established, and was already flourishing.

On the conclusion of the report, Lady Burnham presented the certificates and prizes.

Proposing a vote of thanks to Lady Burnham, Major Astor said he did not know anyone who did so much public work as Lord and Lady Burnham, and expressed the hope that they would both carry away very pleasant recollections of their visit.

The vote was seconded by the Mayor of Dover, who said he had always taken a deep interest in the School, for five of his children had passed through it. No doubt many of the boys there present would find their way to various parts of the Empire, and he urged them always to remember with pride the great inheritance they had behind them as sons of the ancient town of Dover.

The vote was carried with very hearty applause, and Lady Burnham briefly expressed her thanks. She was delighted to be present, and congratulated not only the boys, the Head Master and the Staff, but also the parents who had such clever sons.
Lord Burnham then rose and was greeted with Kentish fire.

His name, he said, was fairly well known to the educational authorities of the country. He was pleased to be there in the company of Major Astor—a warm friend of education, for which The Times Educational Supplement was sufficient proof. In fact, he declared, no Parliamentary representative and no Parliamentary Government in Great Britain could be unfriendly to education, for such an attitude would be quite opposed to the whole spirit of the Commonwealth of Nations, called the British Empire, in the most distant parts of which was to be found the keenest enthusiasm for education.

Furthermore, Education was a national necessity, for without it there could be no self-control, and the national character could have no firm or lasting foundation. In the whole realm of national education he knew no part so interesting as the secondary schools. They were the key to the future of British power and influence, for the whole world—especially the British world—was crying out for British leadership, the supply of which was at present totally inadequate, and it would be mainly through the medium of the secondary schools that the demand could in future be met.

It was true that in the last ten years the places in secondary schools had been doubled, but he hoped that even yet Higher Education was only in its early stages. Secondary schools should be open to all, no matter how many they might be, who were capable of profiting by the instruction imparted in them. He would, however, like to see more vocational training in the curriculum, provided it were on broad lines, with a view to bringing such schools into closer touch with the industrial requirements of the country. The essential need of the educational system of to-day was to link up science with industry.

It seemed to him, also, that the neglect of Imperial interests was a radical defect in our system, and that it could be remedied, not indeed by mere flag-wagging and vainglorious singing, but by fostering a deeper reverence for the symbol that represented the potency and prowess of the British Dominions, so that boys and girls would attach a proper value to the magnificence of British citizenship.

After Mr. H. N. Tomlin had proposed a vote of thanks to the Head Master and Staff, which was seconded by Mr. Pudney, the platform was cleared and the concert items were presented. The first was a playlet of the times of the Commonwealth, entitled "The Secret Panel," arranged by Miss Rookwood and enacted by members of the Junior School. At a certain point the characters were grouped on the stage to represent the well-known picture, "And when did you last see your father?  by W. F. Yeames, R.A., and everyone concerned is to be congratulated on the accuracy of the representation.

Gentlefolk and their servants, Puritans and Roundhead soldiers all combined to produce in one short scene the atmosphere of Commonwealth England.

The School Choir next occupied the platform and gave a varied musical programme which fully maintained the reputation of the School in this respect. :Mr. Willis and the members of the Choir deserve an our thanks for a very fine performance, the wide scope and excellence of which were apparent to all, but especially appreciated by those best qualified to judge. Space does not allow a mention of the different items. Perhaps the favourite of the whole programme was Pinsuti's part-song, "In this hour of softened splendour," in which the light and shade were so well done.

The dramatic performance by the Senior School consisted of two scene", from" Nicholas Nickleby." In the first scene Nicholas arrives at Dotheboys Hall, and is (luckily initiated into the educational system there in vogue. In the second scene, after a short experience, Nicholas shows his strong disapproval of the methods of Mr. and Mrs. Squeers.

Everybody performed his part to perfection. H. B. Garland was excellent as Mr. Wackford Squeers; he really looked his part; and, what is more, he made the pupils of Dotheboys Hall look theirs too. Mrs. Squeers, as played by R. T. Dixon, proved a vigorous helpmate in running that famous educational establishment.

Mr. Watt and all concerned are to be congratulated on giving a very instructive and accurate interpretation of Dickens.

The singing of "Forty Years On" and the National Anthem brought to a close a memorable day in the life of the School.

E.S.A.

PRIZE LIST.

PARENTS' ASSOCIATION PRIZES.
JUNIOR GOOD FELLOWSHIP PRIZE.
D. Dewar.

MERIT CARD PRIZES.
M. Castle (Senior School)

R. A. Crofts (Junior School)

F. H. Peters (Senior School)

E. W. J. Moseling (Junior School)

GEOGRAPHY PRIZE.
S. J. White.

ART PRIZE.
W. T. Sergeant

SPECIAL ENDEAVOUR PRIZES.
A. S. Lewis (Senior School)

W. L. Wells (Senior School)

E. C. V. G. Wraight (Senior School)

A. E. H. Card (Junior School),

SPECIAL PRIZES.
MAYOR'S GOOD FELLOWSHIP PRIZE

H. W. Stokes

THE CLATWORTHY SENIOR LATIN PRIZE.
G. H. Roberts

THE CLATWORTHY JUNIOR LATIN PRIZE.
C. G. Jarrett

THE TUNNELL SENIOR HISTORY PRIZE.
H. R. Thacker

THE TUNNELL JUNIOR HISTORY PRIZE.
C. G. Jarrett

SENIOR SCHOOL STAFF PRIZE.
A. R. Carpenter.

JUNIOR SCHOOL STAFF PRIZE.
R. E. Rowe

HEAD MASTER'S PRIZE.
D. T. Jones

FORM PRIZES.
Senior School—

CRICKET.
Past v. Present.

This match was played at Longhill on 30th July, and resulted in a victory for the School by 3 runs. Dilnot batted resolutely and saved a complete rout, but the match was won by the fine bowling of Roberts, against whom only Wilson and Greenstreet played with any confidence.

Bowling:—Lamidey, 5 for 18; Mumford, 5 for 21.

Bowling :-Roberts, 6 for 15; Nowers, 3 for 10.

SCHOOL FOOTBALL.

So far as actual results go, the School teams have had a very disappointing season. The 1st XI. has, however, played much better than its record suggests, and has deserved more than two victories. Lack of dash and decision on the part of the defence has given away a number of goals, and this same weakness has been evident among the forwards, more particularly the wing men. The whole forward line is small, and has generally found itself opposed to a much heavier defence. Harley, in spite of a tendency to wander, has played well, outstripping all others in goal-scoring.

The 2nd XI. has fared as disastrously, having also won two matches. It is evident from the results that the forwards can score goals; at the same time, the defence seems to be unable to cope with opposing forwards, and has been pierced at least four times in every match. Nevertheless, there is no need to be discouraged, for the result of a: good game matters but little; moreover, there is every prospect of building up more successful teams next year.

GOAL SCORERS.

1st XI—Harley, 16; Dilnot, 5.

2nd XI—Hicks, 4; Pinkney and Betts, 3 each.

S.J.N.

RESULTS OF MATCHES.

1st XI.

1st Oct., at Dover, v. Harvey Grammar School, lost, 3—5

11th Oct., at Dover, v. St. Augustine's College, lost, 2—4.

15th Oct., at Dover, v. Ramsgate County School, lost, 1—2.

18th Oct., at Wye, v. Wye College 2nd XI., won, 10—1.

29th Oct., at Dover, v. Simon Langton's School, lost, 1—5.

1st Nov., at Dover, v. Wye College 2nd XI., won, 2—1.

5th Nov., at Folkestone, v. Harvey Grammar School, lost, 2—7.

12th Nov., at Dover, v. Duke of York's School, drawn, 5—5.

19th Nov., at Ramsgate, v. Ramsgate County School, lost, 0—6.

22nd Nov., at Canterbury, v. St. Augustine's College, lost, 1—2.

26th Nov., at Dover, v. Margate College, lost, 2—6.

3rd Dec., at Canterbury, v. Simon Langton's School, drawn, 2—2

2nd XI.

1st Oct., at Folkestone, v. Harvey Grammar School, lost, 0—11.

15th Oct., at Ramsgate, v. Ramsgate County School, lost, 1—7.

29th Oct., at Canterbury, v. Simon Langton's School, lost, 2—4.

5th Nov., at Dover, v. Harvey Grammar School, lost, 5—8.

12th Nov., at Guston, v. Duke of York's School, lost, 0—4.

19th Nov., at Dover, v. Ramsgate County School, won, 7—4.

3rd Dec., at Dover, v. Simon Langton's School, won, 7—6.

SPORTS ACCOUNT.

BALANCE SHEET to 1-12-24.

HOUSE NOTES.
Buckland House.

With half the House Matches played, we find ourselves at the wrong end of the table. The 1st XI. has been extremely disappointing, and has gained but one point. The trouble is we have no inside forwards capable of scoring goals, and this task falls upon the wing men and half-backs, who have scored every combination is therefore impossible. There is some consolation in the record of the 2nd XL, which has played excellently against much heavier opponents.

Although we have more members than any other House, we have so far failed to put out complete teams for the Cross-Country Runs. As a result we are already a long way behind Country House in the race for the Shield. Now, this slackness must be remedied for there will be four runs and fewer runners next term.

We have already lost Webb, and after Christmas we shall be without many other valuable members. Those who remain must, therefore, redouble their efforts if the high standard set by the House in previous years is to be maintained.

S.J.N.

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Country House.

I should like to take this opportunity of thanking all members of the House for their hearty support and co-operation during the past term. If we continue for the remainder of the year as we have done this term, there is little doubt that the shield will retain its present colour.

At football we have tied with the Maxton House for first place, and our thanks for this are mainly due to E. Dilnot, who was, fortunately for the House, back at School this term. The 2nd XI. have done very well, although they lost to Buckland; the wins over Town and Maxton were, however, fully deserved and certainly quite decisive.

At the Cross-Country Runs we have more than held our own. It is a notable feature that in both runs we had two full teams; no other House can say as much. The juniors especially did very well, the most notable runners being R. Smith, G. Hunt, and A. Turner. The seniors, however, were practically as good; special mention should be made of S. Morris, who finished second in the last run.

Although we have done so well in the Cross-Country Runs, we must not be content to rest on our laurels. Our lead in football is very much less than is usual; consequently we must make up for it in other ways. So buck up, Greens! Our motto is "House before all."

H.J.G.

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Maxton House.

The School and Maxton House have suffered a great loss in H. Stokes and D. Jones, who have both proceeded to college—the one to Selwyn, Cambridge, the other to the Imperial College of Science, London. We join with the whole School in wishing them every success in their future careers.

Maxton House still keeps up its reputation of being the smallest in numbers, but, despite that, it has done quite well in most sports. The 1st XI. Football has won every match this term, but the 2nd XI. has had to remain content with one point out of six. The outstanding players of the 1st XI. are Quinlan and Harley, although every man in the team has shone at times. Hausey. in the 2nd XI., has shown much promise at full-back.

Cross-Country Running has been a failure so far as Maxton House is concerned. Not once has a full team turned out, and the juniors have yet to "top the hundred" in points.

There seems to be some slackness among the junior members of the House; it is often difficult to make them turn out for football. Let us hope that a change will come over them during the Christmas holidays. Many boys have given their names in for running when they never have intended to run; I wish they would say at once that they do not want to run, and so have done with the matter. During the Spring Term there will be ample opportunity for all members of the house to play football or to run in the Cross-Country Runs. I hope they will take advantage of this opportunity, and will members please note that the earlier the start training for the School Sports, the more chance they stand of gaining successes on Sports Day.

R.T.D.

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Town House.

This term great improvement has been shown both in foot ball and Cross-Country Running, and as far as points are concern our position is quite satisfactory and compares well with the corresponding figures for last year. With the exception of Sport Day, last year was a somewhat" lean year" for the Light Blues but our efforts are now meeting with some success, and we appear to have turned the corner.

The football teams have remained practically unchanged, most members of last year's teams were again available. The 1st XI. has put up a good fight on every occasion, and the result speak for themselves. The matches with the Reds and Green were very close, and the issue was in doubt until the end. We were successful against Buckland, although, as before, the game was well contested, and, thanks to some great goal-keeping by Binfield, our opponents were unable to score until the last few minutes of the game. All members of the team have played consistent1y, and as a result it is unnecessary to single out individuals The 2nd XI., after being 5—1 down at half-time, beat Maxton 2nd XI. 7—6 after a very exciting game. Their position is quite satisfactory, and there is no need to be discouraged about their one reverse.

At Cross-Country Running we have gained second place, although there are still many boys' who will not do their little bit by offering to run; they may rest assured that their services will be gratefully accepted. Our thanks are due to the members of the Staff who have been kind enough to referee the House matches. It is to be hoped that next term we shall maintain our position, and perhaps improve it.

S.T.N.

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HOUSE FOOTBALL MATCHES.
1st XI.

Sept. 27th—Buckland, 4; Country, 4.
Sept 27th—Maxton, 3; Town, 2.
Oct. 25th—Maxton, 4; Buckland, 3.
Oct 25th—Country, 4; Town, 2.
Nov. 29th—Town, 3; Buckland, 1.
Nov 29th—Maxton, 3; Country, 2.

2nd XI.

Sept. 27th—Buckland, 4; Country, 2. .
Sept 27th—Town, 7; Maxton, 6.
Oct. 25th—Buckland, 2; Country, 2.
Oct 25th—Country, 10; Town, 3.
Nov. 29th—Town, 2; Buckland, 2.
Nov. 29th—Country, 7; Maxton, 3.

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HOUSE TABLE (FOOTBALL).

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CROSS-COUNTRY RUNNING.

LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.

The Society has held four meetings during the term, which, on the whole, have been well attended, although it is to be regretted that so few boys have spoken, or read papers. The value of some practice in public speaking while at school cannot be too highly estimated, and boys in V. and VI. would do well to benefit by the opportunities afforded by the Society.

On 10th October, with Mr. Constable in the chair, S. T. Newing (VI. Science) gave a demonstration, accompanied by a short lecture entitled "The Search for Colour." The speaker briefly described the elementary phenomena associated with colour and its recognition, discussed ancient and modern dyestuffs, and speculated upon the future of the Dyeing Industry. By means of suitable chemicals several specimens of cloth were dyed and were shown to be "fast" to washing; different "mordants" were employed to obtain various shades. The paper was well received, and the meeting terminated with the votes of thanks to the Chairman and the Speaker.

The second meeting of term was held on 24th October, when F. D. Terdrey (V. Exam.) read a highly interesting paper on "Books and Book Collecting." Mr. Pearce kindly consented to take the chair. The speaker briefly outlined the changes which the processes of printing and bookbinding have undergone since 4000 B.C. The objects for collecting books were discussed, and a short account of some great book auctions was given. Mr. Pearce then commented upon several points in the lecture, with illustrations from his own experience.

On 7th November the Dramatic Society gave a rendering of "Dotheboys Hall," from Dickens' "Nicholas Nickleby." Although the acting did not rise quite to the standard it was to attain a week later, the performance was thoroughly enjoyed by a large audience, and Mr. Watt and the actors are to be congratulated upon an excellent performance.

The last meeting was in the form of a debate, and was held on 28th November, with Mr. Darby in the chair. The motion "That the Wireless Telephone is the most important invention of the last hundred years" was proposed by Newing, and seconded by Carpenter; it was opposed by Gray and Wellard. After the principal speeches, the motion was left open for general debate, and it was then put to the vote. The motion was carried by 23 votes to 14. The Chairman then commented on the proceedings, and gave a few hints to would-be speakers. The meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Darby.

S.T.N., Hon. Sec.

SWIMMING NOTES.

There were good attendances at the Baths during the first part of the term, but numbers decreased as the weather became colder.

Several boys were successful in the various Life-Saving Examinations, and for the first time two Honorary Instructors' Certificates were obtained. It is hoped that other senior boys in the School will attempt to secure this particular award, as the Honorary Instructors' Certificate is a useful qualification.

Swimming practices will commence next term when the Baths re-open.

1st CADET COMPANY C.P. (F.) R.E.

During the first few weeks of term we were occupied in intensive training in preparation for the Lucas-Tooth Competition. Enthusiasm noticeably increased when it was learned that the first two lessons of Saturday morning would be missed, so, despite the early hour of the parade, everyone was present at the School Grounds.

The new Union Jack, for which we have to thank an anonymous donor, gave rise to stirring thoughts in many breasts; while the General Salute, as rendered by the Band, made everyone feel like a regular soldier when presenting arms to the inspecting officer, Capt. J. Hickey, M.C., R.F.A., who gave us a little talk at the close of the turn-out on the advantages of being a Cadet. As this was the first year in which the Corps had entered this competition, it did well to come second on the list.

The voluntary wireless parades, conducted by Capt. Pearce, have been keenly attended, and many Cadets have listened-in to the excellent programmes broadcast from Paris and Chelmsford each day.

Thanks to the kindness of Capt. J. H. Mowll, one section at a time is able to go to the Territorial Drill Hall every half-holiday, for shooting practice. Up to date some remarkably good-and bad-targets have been obtained.

On Saturday, 2znd November, a very successful field-day was held, Sections I., II. and IV., under Sergts. Wellard, Sutton and Waterhouse, attacking Church Whitfield, which was defended by No. III. and the Training Sections commanded by C.Q.M.S.
Sanders and Sergts. Leader and Blackford. After an exciting capture of the feint attack, the main party walked in unseen in the rear of the defenders. They deserved to after walking about eight miles. There were no casualties except for two "missing" from the victorious side. These stragglers were very smartly brought in, and the whole company marched home in the dark, "singing" to let people know that a body of troops were in possession of the road. Some have not yet recovered their voices, but others are seriously thinking of training for the opera.

C.G.J.

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BALANCE SHEET.

MERIT LIST.

Form V. Arts.—Jarrett (3), Trist (2), Shenton (2).
 

Form V. Sc. i.—Sparham, Turner.
 

Form V. Sc. ii.—Collins, Hunt.
 

Form IVa.—S. Dilnot (3), Baxter (2), Horn.
 

Form IIIa.—Bach (3), Brooker (3), Castle (3), Kennett, E. S. (3), Peters (3), Belsey (2), Davis (2), Binfidd, Dunn, Forfar, Hopgood, Kennct, A. J. Paterson, Rowe, Schroder, Smith, Standring, Taylor, Voizey.
 

Form IIIb.—Carlton.
 

Form IIa.—Binks (3), Bird (3), Crofts (3), Legg (3), Martin (3), Moseling (3), Sparham (3), Teasdale (3), Pott (2), Waterman (2), Darby, Deverson, Dewar, Cooke, Hampshire, Hayward, Smith.
 

Form IIb.—Austin, I. C. (2), Kemp (2), Dellbridge (2), Goodridge (2), Carpenter (2), Sharp, White, Craig, King.
 

Form I.—Claw (2), Allchurch (2), Harrisson, Phillips, Pittock.
 

Form Trans.—Mumford (2), Marsh (2), Marson (2), Sharp, Allen, Tapley, Dewar.
 

Form Prep.—Meacock (2), Magub.

VALETE.

D. T. JONES.—Prefect; Captain Maxton House; 2nd XI. Football; House 1st XI. Cricket; Plat. Sergt. Cadet Corps; Royal Science Schol. to Imperial College.

F. K. WEBB.—Prefect; V.-Captain Buckland House; School 1st XI. Football and Cricket (Colours).

A. E. MUTTETT.—School 1st XI. Football and Cricket.

F. L. FROW.—School 2nd XI. Football and Cricket.

C. BINFIELD.—Town House 1st XI. Football.

R. J. BAXTER.—Buckland House 1St XI. Football and Cricket.

F. J. FRAME.—Buckland House 1st XI. Football and Cricket.

D. P. SPARHAM.—Town House 1st XI. Football and Cricket.

E. OVERS.

D. R. SOUTHEY.

S. ALLCHURCH.

P. W. WALL.

J. C. CLARKE.

B. ALLCHURCH.

G. N. PLEWS.

THE CADETS' CAMP, 1924.

The annual camp of the Cadet Corps was held during the first two weeks of August, near Sandwich, on ground which the Earl of Guilford was kind enough to lend the Corps.

The first week was devoted almost entirely to preparations for the Inspection by Colonel Skinner (C.R.E., Dover). Owing to the keenness of the N.C.O.'s and Cadets, together with the unflagging energy of the Sergeant-Major, the ordeal of Inspection Day proved to be quite a mild affair. The success of the Corps on that day is shown by the very encouraging report made by Col. Skinner.

Under Sgt. Waterhouse the Band improved beyond recognition, and was of the greatest service during the March 1'1St on Inspection Day. The flag was played down to the base every morning and Retreat was played every evening. Unfortunately, owing to the dampness of the air, the drums were not so tuneful in the morning as they might have been, and one enthusiastic drummer managed to split a damp drumhead whilst beating retreat.

Sgt. Blackford instructed the N.C.O.'s in surveying. and Col. Skinner was greatly interested in the work done by them. Unfortunately very little of the subject can be studied in a fortnight.

The Church Parades were held at "Rest Harrow," kindly lent by Lord Astor for the two Sundays. Mr. Whitehouse conducted the service on both occasions, and gave two addresses which were much appreciated. A party of N.C.O.'s also attend a service at a neighbouring Scouts' Camp.

During the camp the Company had some rifle practice the butts. Many of the Cadets found that getting 70 per Cent. at 25 yards and 70 per cent. at 100 yards are two very different propositions; Cpl. Smith, however, qualified as a marksman.

Section 1., under Sgt. Jones, carried off the Section Cup, at coming top of the four sections in Signalling and Section D Section III. took first place in Shooting, The last two portions the competition were judged at camp.

A new feature of this camp was the formation of a Sergeats' Mess; this proved to be such a success that it will probably become an established custom in future. With the aid of a rather small oil stove, one of the Sergeants produced many mysterious but sweet-smelling concoctions for supper, which the Officers themselves are reported to have envied.

On the last Wednesday at camp, the Sports Day was held. The weather was ideal, the competition keen, and prizes of money vouchers, exchangeable at the canteen, permitted thirsty winners of events to regale themselves on "pop," The visitors were entertained between the events by the Band, under the baton of Sgt. Waterhouse. The last-named will probably remember in future that a ginger-beer crate is not the safest thing on which to stand.

Although the sea was at some distance from the camp, this did not deter large parties from bathing whenever possible.

Night operations were held on two occasions, the attacking party being successful in both cases.

The weather was all that could have been desired—in fact, the only time that it rained was after the company returned to camp from the second night operations.

From the point of view of numbers the camp was the most successful yet held, and the keenness of all the Cadets was much appreciated by the N.C.O.'s and the Commanding Officer. It is gratifying to note that no serious misdemeanour was reported during the whole of the camp.

As an instance of the good spirit prevalent in the camp, the following incident will probably be interesting. The C.O. mentioned on parade one morning that he would like a large refuse pit dug. Late that evening the heads of several Cadets were seen just above the surface of the earth. They were standing in a pit 5 ft. deep, which had been dug without a fatigue party.

This very successful camp was celebrated on the last night by the N.C.O.'s at a dinner held in the Sergeants' Mess, at which Capt. Pearce was present. Outside, the Cadets showed their appreciation by making an unearthly uproar.

YE CHRONICLE.

Alacke! Howe are ye myghtye fallene! For ye vaillante knyghtes colde not withstande ye onslaut of ye turbulente invadeurs from ye londe of Cesenic, ande weren dryven forthe from theyre smale abode—yea even from ye Lesser Hole. Thanne for ye more to yncrees theyre douleur, oon of theyre nombre, Hewit hight, thus addressed hym to hys fellawes: "Brethrenne, ye home is at honde whanne I must gyrde up mye loynes ande hie me hence, for ye calle of Wyrke is loude in myn eare." Ande anon ther arose Sir Bewb, who spak thus: "Sires, it behoves me also to departe from thys place, for ye calle of Nolnod is Iou de in myn eare." Thanne didde Bar-dix ande Onswer, who alone remayned, grievouslie lamente theyre lotte, saying, "Evene so been we deserted in ye houre of neede," Nathe1ess, thei gat them grete cumforte from ye herded saw, "Two is compagnie botte three nis nat nonne."

Nowe ye nombres of ye knyghtes weren become verray smale inasmuch as manye warriores, to witte St. Ekos, Onjes, Reckath ande eke yonge St. Errbo, didde sallye forthe to warre against ye tirante Studi in othere londes. Thise didde ye puissant Overlorde appoynte in theyre stedde: of ye squyres Bardix and Sir Bewb: of ye Cesenie Ginnwe, Ygar, El Wels an de eke Le Wradl. Ande anon ye grete Overlorde appoynted vette another knyghte (albeit he spak with foreigne tonge) yclept Rwebos, surnamed Chorli.

Bifel thatte ye Overlorde didde calle togedre ye knyghte", oon ande al, saying unto them: "It is my desyre thatte ye sholde Weare an helmette of straunge device, ande upon it a symbole, thatte ye serfs—yea thatte al menne maye luke upon eche one of you in awe an de reveraunce, ande saye, 'Lo! Thys is a verray parfitt gentil knyghte.'"

Now it came to passe thatte yc knyghtes an de squyres ande eke ye yeomen didde assemble togedre in ye grete Halle, for to receive ye rewardes of theyre laboures. Ande a myghtye Lorde of grete renoune spak unto them til ye evene was farre spente, ande resoned with them. Thanne some didde chaunte ande some did de playe, an de some also didde devoure glue an de grete was ye plesaunce thereat. At the laste alle didde lifte up theyre voyces and shoute, so thatte ye welkin ronge.

Why sholde I tclle of Irkncan an de hys chariotte of silvre, the whych he calleth Triomphe; or of Gracwhittr ande hys chariotte whych he calleth Neifeld; or howe thatte ye Cesenic have marred ye Lesser Hole with grete morsels of timbre, blacke ande uggely to luke upon? For thise ande ye othere myghtye aktes of ye knyghtes and squyres, lo! are theye not writ in ye boke Pharos?

ONSWER YE SCRYBE.

HOW TO BECOME A SURVEYOR.

There is no profession, to my knowledge, affording such a variety of interests or offering such fields for specialisation, as does my own. Originally a surveyor was one who made maps and plans, and who prepared sections of levels. To-day his work embraces subjects as widely separated as agricultural chemistry, road-making and the enfranchisement of copyholds. For the open-air man there is work, at home and abroad, in land and mining surveying, forestry or land agency; for the more constructive type of mind there is building and quantity surveying; while to those preferring a sedentary life the valuation section offers scope along the various lines of rating appeals, arbitrations and the valuation of real and personal estate for a number of purposes.

To qualify for Professional Associateship of the Surveyors' Institution it is necessary to pass three examinations, but exemption from the Preliminary may be granted to those who have matriculated or obtained some equivalent certificate.

The Intermediate and Final are both professional examinations, the subjects covered by them being divided into four groups, corresponding broadly to the chief branches of the profession. A candidate may therefore elect, as circumstances or taste may indicate, to qualify in the agricultural, valuation, quantity or mining division. I have not space to discuss the differences in detail, but, briefly, there are about nine subjects in each examination. Land surveying, involving a knowledge of "logs" and elementary trigonometry, is compulsory for all four divisions, in each of which there arc also two or three legal subjects. The remainder of the exam. is essentially of a specialist character, and ill the Final a considerable choice of optional subjects is allowed.

Candidates must be at least nineteen years of age in order to sit for the Inter, and twenty-one for the Final. Practical experience' in a Surveyor's or Estate Agent's office is absolutely necessary, and the Council will admit no one to membership on a purely theoretical qualification. It should be noted, however, that articles are not essential, thereby removing a financial difficulty which frequently prohibits entry into so many professions.

In these days success comes only through hard work and specialisation, and the sign by which the world recognises the specialist is the degree won by examination. The necessity for supporting practical by theoretical knowledge cannot be too strongly urged, and already the Government and many of the leading firms in private practice are limiting their appointments to candidates holding a recognised degree. If, therefore, anyone wishes to succeed as a surveyor, I would advise him, as a first step, to apply to the Secretary of the Surveyors' Institution, Great George Street, Westminster, for full information both as to the examinations and as to the responsibilities and privileges of membership.

E.W.B.

ON LISTENING-IN.

Undoubtedly the most discussed invention of the age is that of wireless telephony, Newspapers are constantly describing some new marvel of listening-in. and romantic indeed is the story of the man who sat in his study in an American city and heard, above the roar of the traffic, the waves break on the Atlantic awl Pacific coasts at the same time.

Listening-in is no exception to the things of this life, in that it has both advantages and disadvantages. When head-phones are used, the advantage listening-in has over gramophones and vocal performers is greatly appreciated by next-door neighbours.

The invention of wireless enables men in isolated areas to keep in touch with the world and to pass the lonely, silent evenings with concerts and lectures. One reads how a Philadelphian operator entertained a traveller and some Esquimaux during the long Arctic night.

Listening-in will improve the digestion of the nation. A man coming home tired from business may now, instead of hurriedly swallowing his tea, changing his clothes, losing his temper over the loss of his collar stud, returning home late and eating an indigestible supper, take off his boots, recline in the depths of an armchair, with his feet on the mantelpiece, and listen-in.

There are those who try to damp the ardour of wireless enthusiasts by "throwing cold water" on their attempts. A countryman, seeing an aeroplane sky-writing, mutters" That must be one o' they cloud speakers I've heard tell of," and when caught in a downpour of rain, to which, being an Englishman, he is unused, says confidentially, "Aye! it's these 'ere wireless waves we have to blame for this." A man has been killed by a wire of a wireless aerial which, hanging across the street, dragged him off his wagon. Some, after reading of this sad accident, will evermore look askance at wireless aerials, and regard them as a menace to the public.

The news broadcast may sometimes be unsuitable. A minister would take an instant dislike to listening-in on hearing a raucous voice announce the result of the "three-thirty." The average man would be uninterested in announcements concerning ladies' fashions, and would not be altogether delighted with children's bedtime stories.
Despite these disadvantages, wireless is certain of a place as the home entertainer, and has great possibilities as a medium for education. Marconi will rank with such men as Stephenson, Pasteur and Edison, as one of the world's benefactors.

I.. J. GOODBURN (V. Arts).

THE POET'S PROTEST.

A VISIT TO CROYDON AERODROME.

During the summer holidays I stayed at Wallington.

Now, Wallington is not quite five minutes' walk from the Croydon aerodrome, so, as you may guess, I was at the aerodrome every chance I got.

The aerodrome is on an extensive piece of ground, with a main road running through the centre. This road is a busy thoroughfare, with a continuous stream of taxis, private cars and lorries which come in at the arrival of every 'plane.

The ground on the left hand side of this road is the landing ground. This is about one square mile, and it has a small lighthouse in the centre. which shows the pilots that they arc near the aerodrome. The only way out of this ground for passengers is to go through the customs offices. On the right hand side of the road there ,are the huge hangars. Each hangar win house about six 'planes. There are also the repair sheds, etc.

The aerodrome has a hotel of its own, a buffet and tea gardens.

When 'planes are due to arrive, a balloon-shaped flag is hoisted to the top of the mast on the customs offices; this flag tells the drivers of the lorries and cars to be ready for passengers; when the passengers have alighted they are shown into the customs offices, where their baggage is searched, and even their own person, for any smuggled goods.

There is a small paddock for spectators to see the arrival of the 'planes. I was allowed to go into the customs offices. It was very interesting seeing the passengers being searched.

D. B. WADE (V. Sc. ii).

THE WESTERN SECTION OF THE BELGIAN BATTLEFRONT.

During a recent holiday in Belgium I visited the Western Section of the Belgian Battlefront with my parents. Leaving Ostend, we soon arrived at the battered village of Moere. Here we entered a byway and came to a wood, where we alighted, and saw a huge gun carefully hidden. This gun is known as the "piece de Leugenboom," and was used by the Germans to bombard Dunkirk. The barrel of it is 17½ metres long, and it pivots on a base of 20 metres diameter. This gun, which has a bore of over 15 inches, weighs 75,500 kilogrammes, and is capable of firing a shell of 750 kilogram's weight. On either side of the gun are huge shell-proof buildings (called "abris") made of concrete, in which the German gunners used to take shelter. The toll of one franc, paid to see the gun, goes towards the upkeep of orphans and badly wounded soldiers of the war. Upon leaving the wood, we continued to Leke, a village badly shelled but rapidly being rebuilt by the inhabitants, who show all the energy and zeal of which the Belgians are capable.

We next went to Dixmude by the main road, on either side of which were tanks half buried in the ground, blasted trees, huge heaps of wire raked from the now flourishing land, and the remains of old dismantled gun-wagons. Dixmude was badly shelled during the war, and marks the beginning of the real battle-front. We stopped on the canal bank and visited the memorial which commemorates the soldiers who successfully stopped the Germans from passing Dixmude. Near this memorial stands the grave of an unknown Belgian soldier. We also visited the "Minoterie de Dixmude," which consists of the ruins of a shelled water-mill and some badly damaged trenches. The water-mill's machinery was twisted and broken as if by the hands of a giant. Although the population has decreased from 3,884 to 450, the fallen houses are quickly being re-erected, with a rapidity that would surprise many an English Town Council, who quibble at the construction of half a dozen.

A. BARNARD (V. Sc.i.)

(To be continued.) (To Next)

JUNIOR SCHOOL NOTES.

Goodwill and forbearance, together with a measure of selfrestraint, have enabled the work of the Junior School to be carried on in pleasurable, if not comfortable, circumstances. Our "Seniors"—of IIB.—have felt their position keenly, particularly on football days.

Our 1st Football XL—we have six-won both matches against Harvey Grammar School this term (8—0; 5—1). Both games were thoroughly enjoyable, and ended too quickly for most of the players. Allchurch, who has scored most goals, will be missed when he leaves us next term.

NONSENSE RHYMES.

HOW NEEDLES ARE MADE.

Have you ever thought of the importance of needles? Just try to imagine our world without them! A needle is one of those small, almost insignificant, instruments which take a tremendous part in everyday life.

Needles date back to prehistoric times, but they were very different from those in common use to-day. They were made of sharp thorns, or splinters of wood and bone, and were only used to pierce holes in the edges of the material, through which the thread that was to fasten it was laced by hand.

Many bronze needles have been found in Egypt, some of which measured 8 inches in length. Needles were introduced into England during Queen Elizabeth's time.

A great deal of time and thought is spent on the production of one of these little instruments, and many different machines and hands are employed in its manufacture.

The wire from which needles are made is bought by the manufacturer in large bundles. A shearing machine dips the wire very quickly into pieces the length of two needles. When they come from the "guillotine" they are slightly bent, and so undergo the process of straightening. They are enclosed in two iron rings which are heated in a furnace and then allowed to cool gradually. Now they are placed on an iron plate and rubbed backwards an forwards by a smooth file.

They are now to be pointed at both ends, so they are fixed into an india-rubber band, which is fitted to the axis of a fast running grindstone. When the points are sharpened they are fed automatically into another machine which punches the eyes. The heads are then filed into shape, and the hole is polished.

Perhaps you think the needle is ready for use now? Oh, no. The lengthy process does not stop here, for the needles are merely in shape now, and being steel have to undergo their most important operation of being "tempered."

The needles are heated again, and cooled suddenly in cod oil, which makes them extremely brittle. Then they are place in a slow heat and stirred about with a shovel until a "blue oxide" is formed upon them. Now they are removed and allowed to cool gradually. Each needle is examined thoroughly by being rolled by the finger on a smooth steel slab, and any that do not roll smoothly or truly are thrown aside. They are now ready for the bath. In bundles of fifty thousand they are scoured with soap to remove any oil that may have clung to them. The eyes are then "blued" to enable the seamstress to see them plainly, an then polished. The polishing is done by threading the needle loosely on wires tied to standards that are fixed to a tray which moves quickly to and fro; in the case of the best needles, however the eyes are polished by hand with fine emery.

The last process is the polishing of the rest of the needle. They are laid in rows between rollers of leather, which are made to revolve rapidly in different directions, so giving the needle a high polish.